Jump to content

Emperor Chūai

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Chuai of Japan)
Emperor Chūai
仲哀天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign192–200 (traditional)[1]
PredecessorSeimu
SuccessorJingū (de facto)[a]
Ōjin (de jure)[b]
BornTarashinakatsuhiko (足仲彦尊)
149[2]
Died200 (aged 50–51)
Burial
Ega no Naganu no nishi no misasagi (恵我長野西陵) (Nara)
SpouseOkinagatarashihime-no-Mikoto
Issue
among others...		Emperor Ōjin
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Chūai (仲哀天皇)

Japanese-style shigō:
Tarashinakatsuhiko no Sumeramikoto (足仲彦天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherYamato Takeru
MotherFutaji Irihime [ja][3]

Emperor Chūai (仲哀天皇, Chūai-tennō), also known as Tarashinakatsuhiko no Sumeramikoto (足仲彦天皇) was the 14th legendary Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[4][5] Both the Kojiki, and the Nihon Shoki (collectively known as the Kiki) record events that took place during Chūai's alleged lifetime. Chūai is the first monarch to ascend the throne who was not a son of the previous Emperor as the latter's only child died young. He is also noted for having his capital in Kyushu, rather than Yamato like his predecessors. The records state that Chūai had a wife named Okinagatarashihime-no-Mikoto (later Jingū), and 2 consorts that all bore him 4 children.

Chūai's reign is conventionally considered to have been from 192 to 200 AD.[6] The events leading up to the Emperor's death have been subject to interpretation as they involve a vengeful Kami (spirit) indirectly killing Chūai. This event allegedly occurred after the Emperor disrespectfully scoffed at the Kami's request. His wife Jingū carried out the Kami's request which was to invade Korea, but this has since been considered legendary rather than factual. While the location of Chūai's grave (if any) is unknown, he is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto tomb, and at a Hachiman shrine.

Modern historians have come to the conclusion that the title of "Emperor" and the name "Chūai" were used by later generations to describe this legendary Emperor. It has also been proposed that Chūai actually reigned much later than he is attested. Emperor Chūai is traditionally listed as the last Emperor of the Yayoi period.

Legendary narrative

[edit]

The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Chūai is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, which are collectively known as Kiki (記紀) or Japanese chronicles. These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since been exaggerated and/or distorted over time. The records state that Chūai was born to Futaji no Iri Hime sometime in 149 AD, and was given the name Tarashinakahiko or Tarashinakatsuhiko (足仲彦天皇).[2][3][7] Chūai's father was allegedly the legendary prince, Yamato Takeru. He was the first Emperor who was not the child of the previous Emperor, being instead the nephew of his predecessor Emperor Seimu.[8][9] The title of Crown Prince was given to him by his uncle before his death in 190 AD, two years later Chūai became the next Emperor. Unlike his predecessors who had maintained their capitals in Yamato Province, the records state his palace was first located on the northern shores of Shimonoseki Strait, then south of that in Kyushu.[10][11]

Emperor Chūai is described in the Kiki as having been ten feet tall, with "a countenance of perfect beauty".[10] He had one wife who was named Okinagatarashi (aka Jingū), and two consorts who all bore him four children. During the start of his reign, he made progress to modern day Tsuruga, and led an expedition to Kii where he heard news of a revolt.[10] Jingū accompanied him to the west to fight against a tribe in Tsukushi (located in modern-day Fukuoka Prefecture) called Kumaso.[9] On the eve of battle though, his wife was suddenly possessed by some unknown kami who advised Chūai to invade and conquer Korea. The Kami gave the reasoning that the Kumaso were not worthy of "his steel".[10] Chūai refused with scorn for a number of reasons which included giving up a military campaign, and doubting that such a land even existed.[10][12] It is said that the Kami was so enraged by this disrespect, that Emperor Chūai was later killed in a battle that beat down his troops.[10][11]

The death of the Emperor was kept quiet by Jingū, who vanquished the Kumaso soon afterwards in a fit of revenge.[10] Jingū then respected the wishes of the Kami by invading Korea, and subjugated the eastern Korean kingdom of Shiragi. The other two Korean kingdoms at the time voluntarily submitted, and Jingū ascended to the throne as Empress.[9] Jingū's occupation of the Korean Peninsula, and reign as Empress are now considered to be legendary rather than factual.[13] The modern traditional view is that Chūai's son (Homutawake) became the next Emperor after Jingū acted as a regent. She would have been de facto ruler in the interim.[2]

Known information

[edit]
Okamisanzai Kofun [ja] the possible resting spot of Emperor Chuai

Emperor Chūai is regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor" as there is insufficient material available for further verification and study. The lack of this information has made his very existence open to debate.[14] There is no evidence to suggest that the title tennō was used during the time to which Chūai's reign has been assigned. It is certainly possible that he was a chieftain or local clan leader, and that the polity he ruled would have only encompassed a small portion of modern-day Japan. The name Chūai-tennō was more than likely assigned to him posthumously by later generations.[15] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Chūai, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[13]

The manner in which Chūai died has since been broken down to at least two theories. In his book Confucianism O - Z, professor Xinzhong Yao notes that it is possible the late Emperor could have succumbed to illness rather than death on the battlefield.[9] Sources which include Yao, Francis Brinkley, and Kikuchi Dairoku also cite the enemy arrow scenario.[10] While the actual site of Chūai's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Chūai's mausoleum, and is formally named Ega no Naganu no nishi no misasagi.[4][16] The Kami (spirit) of Chūai is also enshrined at the Tamukeyama Hachiman Shrine in Nara. Chūai is traditionally listed as the last Emperor of the Yayoi period, who could have in reality ruled in the 4th century. The next era is known as the Kofun period, where more is known about the Emperors based on modern day archaeological evidence.[14]

Outside of the Kiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[c] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.[18] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[d] between 737 and 806 AD.[13]

Consorts and children

[edit]

Empress: Okinagatarashi-hime (気長足姫尊), later Empress Jingu, Prince Okinaga no sukune's daughter

Consort: Ōnakatsu-hime (大中姫命), Prince Hikohitoōe's daughter (Emperor Keiko's son)

  • Prince Kagosaka (麛坂皇子, d.201)
  • Prince Oshikuma (忍熊皇子, d.201)

Consort: Oto-hime (弟媛), Ōsakanushi's daughter

  • Prince Homuyawake (誉屋別皇子)

Family tree

[edit]
Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[19] Ōkuninushi[20][21]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[22]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[23]
Kotoshironushi[24][25] Tamakushi-hime[23] Takeminakata[26][27] Susa Clan[28]
1 Jimmu[29]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[29]Kamo no Okimi[24][30]Mirahime [ja]
2 Suizei[31][32][33][34][35][36] 2Isuzuyori-hime[34][35][36][30][37]Kamuyaimimi[31][32][33]
3 Annei[38][24][34][35][36]〔Ō clan[39][40]〕〔Aso clan[41]〕3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime[42][24]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4 Itoku[38][24]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][38]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto [ja][38]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5 Emperor Kōshō[38][24][43]5Yosotarashi-hime[24]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6 Emperor Kōan[24]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][43]Owari clan
6Oshihime [ja][24][43]〔Wani clan〕[44]
7 Emperor Kōrei[45][24][43][46] 7Kuwashi-hime[46]
8 Emperor Kōgen[47][46]8Utsushikome [ja][47]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[45]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[48]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[e] [50][51]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][51]9 Emperor Kaika[47]Prince Ohiko [ja][52]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][51]10 Emperor Sujin[53][54]10Mimaki-hime[55]〔Abe clan〕[52]
Takenouchi no Sukune[51]11 Emperor Suinin[56][57]11Saho-hime[58]12Hibasu-hime [ja][59]Yasaka Iribiko[60][61][62]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][63]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][45]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[64]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume [ja]12 Emperor Keiko[57][59]14Yasakairi-hime [ja][60][61][62]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime [ja][65]Yamato Takeru[66][67]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[66][67]
14Emperor Chūai[66][67] [68]15Empress Jingū[69] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[69]16Nakatsuhime[70][71][72]
16Emperor Nintoku[73]


See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Jingū's reign as Empress is now confined to legends rather than fact. Modern historians have labeled her as an "Empress regent", who was the de facto ruler until Homutawake (Ōjin) became emperor.
  2. ^ Ōjin officially became emperor in 270 AD.[2]
  3. ^ The 29th Emperor[5][17]
  4. ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
  5. ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[49]

References

[edit]
Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  3. ^ a b Kidder, Jonathan E. (2007). Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. p. 344. ISBN 9780824830359.
  4. ^ a b "仲哀天皇 (14)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  5. ^ a b Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 15, 34–36.
  6. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 433.
  7. ^ Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 64. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  8. ^ Packard, Jerrold M. (2000). Sons of Heaven: A Portrait of the Japanese Monarchy. FireWord Publishing, Incorporated. p. 45. ISBN 9781930782013.
  9. ^ a b c d Xinzhong, Yao (2003). Confucianism O - Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 467. ISBN 9780415306539.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Brinkley, Frank, Dairoku, Kikuchi (1915). A History of the Japanese People: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. pp. 88–89. Retrieved August 2, 2019. emperor Chūai.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b Martin, Peter (1997). The Chrysanthemum Throne: A History of the Emperors of Japan. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9780824820299. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  12. ^ Hardacre, Helen (2017). Shinto: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780190621711.
  13. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 217–223. ISBN 9780524053478.
  14. ^ a b Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  15. ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21. Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
  16. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1953). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Ponsonby-Fane Society Publications. p. 419.
  17. ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 248, 261–262. ISBN 9780520034600.
  18. ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
  19. ^ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  20. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005). "Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  21. ^ Herbert, J. (2010). Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  22. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005). "Ōnamuchi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  23. ^ a b The Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780231049405.
  25. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005). "Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  26. ^ Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (先代舊事本紀 巻第四), in Keizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898). Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史大系 第7巻). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244.
  27. ^ Chamberlain (1882). Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
  28. ^ Tanigawa Ken'ichi [de] 『日本の神々 神社と聖地 7 山陰』（新装復刊） 2000年 白水社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
  29. ^ a b Kazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005). "Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  30. ^ a b 『神話の中のヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
  31. ^ a b 日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版. "日子八井命とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  32. ^ a b ANDASSOVA, Maral (2019). "Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki". Japan Review (32): 5–16. ISSN 0915-0986. JSTOR 26652947.
  33. ^ a b "Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan". trips.klarna.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  34. ^ a b c Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780674017535.
  35. ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  36. ^ a b c Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
  37. ^ 『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  38. ^ a b c d e Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  39. ^ Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28). The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
  40. ^ Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
  41. ^ Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006). History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
  42. ^ Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  43. ^ a b c d Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  44. ^ Watase, Masatada [in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro". Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten 日本古典文学大辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588. OCLC 11917421.
  45. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478.
  46. ^ a b c "Kuwashi Hime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
  47. ^ a b c Anston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
  48. ^ Louis-Frédéric, "Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
  49. ^ Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988). Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
  50. ^ Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 149–150. ISBN 9780524053478.
  51. ^ a b c d Shimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006). "Takeshiuchi no Sukune". eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  52. ^ a b Asakawa, Kan'ichi (1903). The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo Shueisha. p. 140. ISBN 9780722225394.
  53. ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253. ISBN 9780520034600.
  54. ^ Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  55. ^ "Mimakihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  56. ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253–254. ISBN 9780520034600.
  57. ^ a b Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  58. ^ "Sahobime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  59. ^ a b Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  60. ^ a b "Yasakairihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  61. ^ a b Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  62. ^ a b Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. pp. 63–64. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  63. ^ "Saigū | 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム". web.archive.org. 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  64. ^ Brown Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 253; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 95-96; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 10.
  65. ^ Kidder, Jonathan E. (2007). Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. p. 344. ISBN 9780824830359.
  66. ^ a b c Packard, Jerrold M. (2000). Sons of Heaven: A Portrait of the Japanese Monarchy. FireWord Publishing, Incorporated. p. 45. ISBN 9781930782013.
  67. ^ a b c Xinzhong, Yao (2003). Confucianism O - Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 467. ISBN 9780415306539.
  68. ^ Aston, William George. (1998). Nihongi, p. 254–271.
  69. ^ a b Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
  70. ^ 文也 (2019-05-26). "仲姫命とはどんな人？". 歴史好きブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.
  71. ^ "日本人名大辞典+Plus - 朝日日本歴史人物事典,デジタル版 - 仲姫命(なかつひめのみこと)とは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.
  72. ^ "Nunasoko Nakatsuhime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  73. ^ Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 254–271.

Further reading

[edit]
Regnal titles
Preceded by Legendary Emperor of Japan
192–200
(traditional dates) 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Chūai&oldid=1234086272"