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Rags to riches

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For other uses, see Rags to riches (disambiguation).

Poster for a "rags to riches" ball

Rags to riches (also rags-to-riches) refers to any situation in which a person rises from poverty to wealth, and in some cases from absolute obscurity to heights of fame, fortune and celebrity—sometimes instantly. This is a common archetype in literature and popular culture, such as the writings of Horatio Alger, Jr.

Pre-20th-century fictional examples

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Historical examples

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Pre-modern and modern times

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Thousands of people have risen from poverty to riches; some are:

  • Pryce Pryce-Jones – left school at 12 and formed the first mail order company in 1861, with the BBC calling it an extraordinary rags to riches story.[1]
  • Michael Schumacher – The son of working-class parents, Schumacher went on to become a record-breaking seven-time Formula One World Champion (the record is now shared with Lewis Hamilton).
  • Bette Midler – Was born and raised in Hawaii by her mother Ruth and her father Fred, a house painter.
  • Jim Rohn – (author and motivational speaker).
  • Cardi B – Was born in Manhattan. Lived mostly with her grandmother. Joined the Bloods at 16 and became a stripper at 19. Went on to become one of the most successful female rappers in the world and has the most number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 among female rappers (5 number-ones).
  • Giannis Antetokounmpo – Born in Athens, Greece to parents from Nigeria. As a child growing up in the Sepolia neighborhood of Athens, his father had a tough time finding work, so he helped his family by hawking watches, handbags, and sunglasses in the streets. He started playing basketball in 2007 and joined EFAO Zografou B.C. in the Greek B Basket League. After racking up several impressive individual accolades, he was selected 15th overall by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2013 NBA draft. In his first season in the NBA, he was named to the NBA All-Rookie Team. Since then, he has earned several honors, including being named to the NBA All-Star game five times, and winning the league MVP award twice. In 2021, he led the Bucks to their first NBA Championship in 50 years, scoring 50 points in the clinching game. He also was named NBA Finals MVP.
  • Cher – Was born in California to a truck driver with gambling problems and a mother who was an occasional model. Her parents divorced when she was 10 months old. She went on to become the "goddess of pop."
  • Cuauhtémoc Blanco – born in Mexico City, in the district of Tlatilco, but grew up in Tepito, one of the most poor sectors of the Mexican capital. He grew up in poverty, raised by his single mother who eventually re-married. Blanco came to be one of the greatest Mexican footballers of all time,[2][3][4][5] as well as one of the best penalty takers of all time.[6] After football, Blanco became a politician and he is the current Governor of Morelos under the coalition Juntos Haremos Historia.
  • Bas & Aad van Toor – Born shortly before and during World War II, the Van Toor brothers came from a poor labourers family in the Netherlands. Their home was damaged during the German bombing of Rotterdam and the brothers' father died in Prague from harsh conditions during forced labour.[7] After the war, the brothers and their mother lived in extreme poverty. After working an odd number of jobs, the brothers created their own acrobat act, with which they toured all over the world. Between 1976 and 1994, the brothers wrote, directed and shot a successful children's television series based on their alter egos Bassie & Adriaan and owned their own circus, which turned them into multi-millionaires.[8] They are praised for their self-made success and rigid management techniques.[9]
  • Susan Boyle – Prior to her audition on Britain's Got Talent, Boyle was a single, never married woman living alone with her pet cat, Pebbles. She cared for her elderly mother, Bridget, until her death in 2007 at the age of 91. Boyle was a member of her local church choir and performed regularly at church events and local talent shows. When she appeared on the BGT stage, Boyle was met with skepticism and cynicism, with many in the audience jeering or rolling their eyes. When she began to sing, Boyle shocked everyone with her powerhouse voice. Judge Piers Morgan said it was "the biggest surprise I have had in three years in this show". Amanda Holden summed up her critique by calling it the "biggest wake-up call ever". Show creator/producer Simon Cowell called Boyle "a little tiger". Despite an overwhelming positive response from the public, dance troupe Diversity were named the winners of series 3, making Boyle runner-up. Boyle went on to worldwide acclaim and success.
  • Conor McGregor – Was living on Ireland's social welfare before his UFC debut. Since then, McGregor became one of the most prominent MMA fighters and the highest-paid athletes.
  • Floyd Mayweather Jr. – His mother was a heroin addict and his father was a boxer who was eventually incarcerated. His family was poor and sometimes did not even have electricity. For much of his childhood, he was raised by his grandmother. Eventually, he became one of the highest-rated boxers of all time and is known for his extravagant spending habits.
  • Axl Rose – Born in Lafayette, Indiana to a poor and very religious family, as a child he sang in a trio with his brother and sister. Being very shy at school, following the discovery of his true family origins, Rose became the local juvenile delinquent in Lafayette; he was arrested more than 20 times on charges such as public intoxication and battery, and served jail terms up to three months. After Lafayette authorities threatened to charge him as a habitual criminal, Rose moved to Los Angeles, California, in December 1982 following his school friend Izzy Stradlin; they used to live together in very cheap and dirty rooms around LA before signing with Geffen Records in 1986.
  • Roman Abramovich
  • Alexis Sánchez
  • Joan Crawford came from a damaged, impoverished, single-mother family and was partly raised in a laundry. She also had to undertake a work scholarship to receive an education as a child.
  • Sheldon Adelson
  • Dhirubhai Ambani[10]
  • AJ Styles
  • Charles Bronson was born from a poor coal-mining family of Lithuanian descent; he began working at the coal mines from the age of 10 after his father's death; his family was so poor that, at one time, he had to wear his sister's dress to school for lack of clothing. Grew up to become one of the greatest film actors during the Golden Age of Hollywood.
  • Ursula Burns – Raised by her Panamanian-immigrant single mother in the Baruch Houses, a New York City public housing project. She became the CEO (July 2009 – December 2016) and Chairwoman (May 2010 – present) of Xerox, a Fortune 500 company.[11]
  • Andrew Carnegie (Industrialist)[11]
  • Jim Carrey[11]
  • Ben Carson
  • Jason Kay – Before he became the lead singer of Jamiroquai, Kay had lived on the streets as a teenager and was even stabbed. Jamiroquai went on to be one of the most successful bands of all time, selling 26 million albums during Kay's career.
  • Sean Connery – Worked as a milkman before joining the Royal Navy but was later discharged due to a duodenal ulcer. Afterward, he worked as, among other things, a lorry driver, a lifeguard, a laborer, an artist's model for the Edinburgh College of Art, and a coffin polisher. He began his acting career while working backstage at the King's Theatre where he had secured several minor roles, but was still struggling to make ends meet. He was then forced to accept a part-time job as a babysitter. Connery's breakthrough came in the role of British secret agent James Bond, which began his successful acting career. In July 2000, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.
  • Coco Chanel
  • Charlie Chaplin
  • Chow Yun-fat – Born and raised in a farming community on Lamma Island, Hong Kong. His family's house had no electricity. During mornings, he helped his mother sell herbal jelly and Hakka tea pudding on the streets; during afternoons he worked in the fields. At age seventeen, he left school to help support the family by doing odd jobs including hotel porter, postman, camera salesman, and taxi driver. Eventually, he became one of the most well-known and highest-earning actors in Hong Kong.
  • Eminem – Grew up in a working-class neighborhood in Detroit. He dropped out of high school at age 17 and worked at several jobs to help his mother pay the bills, but she often threw him out of the house. He eventually had a successful rap career, becoming one of the world's best-selling music artists.
  • Chris Gardner – Lived in foster care with his sisters after their mother was imprisoned. Worked as a research lab assistant after serving in the U.S. Navy. He also became a medical equipment salesman. He gained a position in Dean Witter Reynolds' stock brokerage training program but did not have a salary. For a time, Gardner and his son were homeless. They ate in soup kitchens and slept in his office after hours, at flophouses, motels, parks, airports, on public transport, and at the Glide Memorial United Methodist Church's shelter for homeless women. He eventually established Gardner Rich & Co. Gardner's memoir, The Pursuit of Happyness, was published in May 2006. The 2006 film The Pursuit of Happyness, starring Will Smith, is based on his memoirs.
  • John Gokongwei – He was 13 years old when his father died. He supported his family by peddling items along the streets of Cebu on his bicycle. From the age of 17 to 19, he traded using a wooden boat, shipping items to Lucena by sea, and then to Manila by truck. He was one of the richest Filipinos. His business assets included: Universal Robina, Cebu Pacific, JG Summit Holdings, and Robinsons Malls.
  • Jimi Hendrix
  • Zlatan Ibrahimović – Grew up in Rosengård, a poor suburb of Malmö.[12] He eventually became one of the highest-paid football players in the world. He is the all-time leading goalscorer for Sweden.
  • Mahalia Jackson
  • Michael Jackson – Grew up in a working-class family in Gary, Indiana in a two-bedroom house with nine siblings and his parents. His mother was a stay-at-home mom who had dreams of being an aspiring country singer who played the piano and the clarinet, while his father, a crane operator for Inland Steel Company had hopes of making it big through boxing or singing with his band The Falcons. He started playing with The Jackson 5 in 1964 when he was five years old and then became one of the planet's biggest stars.
  • LeBron James – Born to a 16-year-old single mother, his childhood was spent moving from apartment to apartment in the sordid neighborhoods of Akron, Ohio while his mother struggled to find a steady job. He grew up to have a successful career in the NBA, with four championships (2012, 2013, 2016, 2020). He is the Cleveland Cavaliers' all-time leading scorer. He also won two Olympic gold medals for the United States National Basketball Team. He is currently one of the world's highest-paid athletes.
  • Jewel – Grew up in a house that lacked indoor plumbing and had only a simple outhouse. Early in her music career, she lived in her car while traveling around the United States doing street performances and small gigs.
  • Li Ka-Shing (businessman)[11]
  • Jan Koum (technology entrepreneur)
  • Ralph Lauren (fashion designer)[11]
  • Stan Lee – His father was a dress cutter who worked only sporadically after the Great Depression. By the time Lee was in his teens, the family was living in a third-floor one-bedroom apartment where he shared the bedroom with his brother while his parents slept on a foldout couch. In his youth, he worked part-time jobs such as writing obituaries and press releases, delivering sandwiches, running office errands, ushering at a theater, and selling newspaper subscriptions. He went on to create Spider-Man, the Hulk, Doctor Strange, the Fantastic Four, Iron Man, Daredevil, Thor, the X-Men, and many other fictional characters.
  • David Letterman
  • Martin W. Littleton (lawyer)[13]
  • Jack London – At age 14, he was working 12 to 18 hours a day in a cannery. He was also an oyster pirate, seal hunter, jute mill worker, and coal heaver before becoming a vagrant. At the age of 21, due to financial circumstances, he dropped out from UC Berkeley and joined the Klondike Gold Rush. He eventually had a successful writing career; his most famous works are The Call of the Wild and White Fang.
  • Diego Maradona – Grew up in a shantytown on the outskirts of Buenos Aires. He went on to lead Argentina to victory in the 1986 FIFA World Cup where he also won the Golden Ball as the tournament's best player. He is also the first player in football history to set the world record transfer fee twice, first when he transferred to FC Barcelona for a then world record £5 million, and second, when he transferred to S.S.C. Napoli for another record fee £6.9 million. He was named the FIFA Co-Player of the 20th Century, an honor he shares with Pelé.
  • George R. R. Martin – Early in his writing career, he "wasn't making enough money to stay alive". He went on to write the international bestselling series of epic fantasy novels, A Song of Ice and Fire, which was later adapted into the HBO television series Game of Thrones.
  • Isko Moreno – Born and raised in the slums of Tondo, Manila, Philippines to a stevedore father and laundrywoman mother. Moreno spent most of his childhood finding alternative sources of income for his family by working as a scrap and garbage collector, and driving a passenger pedicab. He also used to rummage through restaurant garbage bins for leftover food (colloquially called pagpag in the Philippines), which his mother would recook for dinner. Moreno rose to prominence when he was discovered by a talent scout while attending a funeral and was then persuaded to join show business. He achieved average success as an actor for five years before entering politics. He was subsequently elected as councilor, vice mayor, and mayor in the City of Manila, the Philippines' capital country, which elevated him to further prominence. Moreno has since received several awards in his political career.
  • Liz Murray (motivational speaker)
  • Benito Mussolini
  • Adolf Hitler – Coming from a poor family and having difficulties at school, he lost his parents at an early age and had to live in beggars' shelters years before starting his political career and becoming Führer of the Third Reich.
  • Trevor Noah – Born in Apartheid-era South Africa to a Black Xhosa mother and a White father from Switzerland. He had a poor upbringing in Soweto, just outside of Johannesburg. His challenges included not having indoor plumbing in his childhood home, separation from his biological father due to Apartheid, and having an abusive, alcoholic stepfather. At the age of 18, he landed a starring role on the South African soap opera Isidingo. He later became an accomplished stand-up comedian, releasing numerous specials. In the fall of 2015, he took over for Jon Stewart and became the host of The Daily Show, a position he held until 2022.
  • Manny Pacquiao – Dropped out of high school and left home at age 14 due to extreme poverty. For a time, he lived on the streets of Manila. He eventually became the first and only eight-division world champion in professional boxing and one of the highest-paid athletes in the world.
  • Sarah Jessica Parker (actress)[11]
  • Arnel Pineda – His mother suffered from heart disease and died when he was 13 years old, leaving their family in debt. Pineda then quit school and started working. He spent about two years on the streets, collecting glass bottles, newspapers, and scrap metal and selling them to Recyclers. He also took odd jobs like cleaning scrap metal and docking ships. He didn't have much to eat, sometimes rationing a small package of Marie biscuit as food for two days. When Pineda was 15 years old, he became the lead singer of the Filipino group Ijos which began his music career. In 2007, he was recruited to become the new lead singer of the American rock band Journey.
  • Chris Pratt – Dropped out of community college halfway through the first semester and, after working as a discount ticket salesman and daytime stripper, he ended up homeless in Maui, Hawaii, sleeping in a van and a tent on the beach. He was working at the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company restaurant in Maui when he was offered his first film role which then led to a successful film career.
  • Jim Jones – He grew up with neglectful parents in a shack that lacked plumbing and electricity. His family often depended on the financial support of relatives. In 1954 he founded his church and by the mid-1970s he had amassed a large fortune and had established an international community.
  • Elvis Presley – Elvis was born in Mississippi and moved to Memphis. His family was so poor that his dad was arrested for a bad $4 check. At age 19, he became a megastar with his recording of 'That's All Right'. He went on to sell over 250 million albums, with 19 no. 1 hits and 115 top 40 hits. He won three Grammies and starred in 31 movies.
  • Dennis Rodman – His father left the family when he was young, forcing his mother to work odd jobs (up to four at the same time) to support them. Rodman grew up in Oak Cliff, one of the most impoverished areas of Dallas at the time. After high school, he worked as a janitor at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport. He eventually had a successful career in the NBA, with five championships (1989, 1990, 1996, 1997, 1998). He also led the NBA in rebounds per game for seven consecutive years (1991–1998). In 2011, he was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame.
  • Cristiano Ronaldo – His mother was a cook while his father was a gardener. He grew up in poverty and shared a room with his three elder siblings. He subsequently became one of the world's best-paid and most famous athletes. He is the all-time leading goalscorer for both Real Madrid and Portugal.
  • J. K. Rowling – Was an unemployed single mother living on welfare benefits. She described her economic status as being "poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless." She found success after writing the Harry Potter novels, which have gained worldwide attention, won multiple awards, and sold over 400 million copies. She is the United Kingdom's best-selling living author and one of the richest people in the country.
  • Colonel Sanders – When he was 10, he began to work as a farmhand. He also worked as a horse carriage painter, streetcar conductor, teamster for the United States Army, blacksmith's helper, steam engine stoker, insurance & tire salesman, filling station operator, and secretary before founding KFC.
  • Irina Shayk – Her father was a coal miner who died when she was 14. Her mother was forced to work two jobs to provide for the family. Shayk became a successful and internationally recognized model.
  • Luis Suárez – Developed his football skills on the streets of Montevideo while he worked as a street sweeper. He subsequently became one of the world's best footballers, winning numerous awards including Dutch Footballer of the Year, Premier League Golden Boot, PFA Players' Player of the Year, FWA Footballer of the Year, Copa América Best Player, and European Golden Shoe. He is the record goalscorer for Uruguay. In July 2014, he moved from Liverpool F.C. to FC Barcelona for a fee of £64.98 million, making him one of the most expensive players in football history.
  • Alan Sugar
  • Henry Sy – Born to a poor family in Fujian province, China and migrated to the Philippines when he was 12 years old. His parents owned a small sari-sari store where the family slept at night.[14] In 1958, he established a small shoe store in Manila which became the first of his SM Supermalls. He eventually became one of the richest people in the Philippines.
  • Lucio Tan – Worked as a janitor at a tobacco factory to pay his school fees. He is now one of the richest Filipinos. His business assets include: Philippine Airlines, University of the East, Philippine National Bank, Asia Brewery, and Tanduay.
  • Danny Trejo (rags: former California prison inmate –riches: Actor)
  • Shania Twain – Her parents earned little money and food was often scarce in their household. She eventually had a successful singing career, becoming one of the best-selling music artists of all time.
  • John D. Rockefeller (businessman)[11]
  • Cornelius Vanderbilt – Dropped out of school at the age of 11. At the age of 16, he began his business of ferrying freight and passengers between Staten Island and Manhattan. He went on to build his wealth in the railroad and shipping industries, becoming one of the richest Americans in history.
  • Madam C. J. Walker – She was an African American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist. She is recorded as the first female self-made millionaire in America in the Guinness Book of World Records.
  • Manny Villar – Born and raised in a tiny rented apartment in Tondo, the impoverished, densely populated, and gang-infested slum district of Manila. His father was a civil servant while his mother was a fishmonger. At age 6, he began helping his mother sell fish and shrimp to support the family; this forced him to temporarily stop schooling. He worked part-time while attending the University of the Philippines Diliman, where he earned a degree in business administration and accountancy. After resigning from his first job, he established a seafood delivery business, which eventually failed. With a capital of ₱10,000, he started a sand-and-gravel business which evolved into Camella Homes, the Philippines' largest homebuilding company. He was also a politician, serving as representative for Las Piñas (1992–2001), and as Speaker of the House during his third term in congress (1998–2000). He also served as senator (2001–2013) and Senate President (2006–2008). He was a candidate in the 2010 Philippine presidential election but lost to Benigno Aquino III. In 2014, Forbes ranked him as the 14th-wealthiest person in the Philippines, with a net worth of US$1.460 billion.
  • MrBeast – School dropped out of East Carolina University to pursue a YouTube career becoming known as the "biggest philanthropist".[15]
  • Natalia Vodianova (supermodel, entrepreneur, philanthropist)
  • Oprah Winfrey[11] – Her mother was a former maid, and her father a former coalminer and barber.[16] She has a total wealth, estimated by Forbes magazine (true on 6 December 2015) as, net-worth 3.2. billion dollars.[17]
  • Ronnie Wood (English rock musician)
  • Victoria Woodhull (political activist and first female candidate for the US presidency)
  • Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay – He was born into a poor Brahmin family and his financial condition deteriorated until rising to literary fame.
  • Charlie Soong
  • Sam Walton
  • Rihanna – She grew up in a three-bedroom bungalow in Bridgetown and sold clothes with her father in a stall on the street.
  • Steve Harvey – Was homeless and stayed in a 1976 Ford for three years.[18][19] He became the host of Family Feud and its celebrity and African counterparts; the longtime host of Showtime at the Apollo; authored Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man; has a radio show; and won seven Daytime Emmy Awards, two NAB Marconi Radio Awards, and fourteen NAACP Image Awards.

Use in art and media

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TV and films

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Music

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Print

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  • Rags to Riches, a comic book by Four Color Comics Edition #356
  • Rags to Riches, a 1981 romance novel by Joanne Kaye (Rachel Cosgrove Payes)
  • The Rise of David Levinsky[22] has been described as "the first American novel to chronicle the Jewish American immigrant experience at the end of the 19th century:"[23] "arrived .. with four cents in my pocket" to "worth more than two million dollars."[24]

Sport

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See also: Cinderella (sports)
  • A term used in many team sports when a team goes from a poor finishing position one season to a strong finishing position the following season.[25] It also refers to a player who unexpectedly performs well. For example, NFL quarterback Kurt Warner went undrafted by any team in the 1994 NFL draft, Warner signed on with the Green Bay Packers and was cut from the team. After his dismissal from the Packers, Warner stocked shelves at an Iowa grocery store. Warner later played arena football and with NFL Europe team Amsterdam Admirals. As a backup to starting St. Louis Rams quarterback Trent Green in the 1999 NFL season, the Rams went 13-3 in the regular season earning a spot in the playoffs. Warner played an instrumental part in the team winning Super Bowl XXXIV and went on to have a long career in pro football, making two more Super Bowl appearances and being inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Video gaming

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Criticism

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"riches to rags" redirects here.

The concept of "rags to riches" has been criticized by social reformers, anti-capitalists, revolutionaries, essayists, and statisticians, who argue that only a handful of exceptionally capable and/or mainly lucky persons can travel the "rags to riches" road, being the great publicity given to such cases causes a natural survivorship bias illusion,[26] which obscures cases contrary to the rags-to-riches narrative (sometimes called riches-to-rags[27]).

Peña and Weiss argue these misapprehensions help keep the masses of the working class and the working poor in line, and prevent them from agitating for an overall collective change in the direction of social equality.[28][29]

Bibliography

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  • Peña, Manuel. "American Mythologies" Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2012. ISBN 9781409442745
  • Taleb, Nassim N. "Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets" Random House 2001 ISBN 0812975219
  • Weiss, Richard. "The American Myth of Success: From Horatio Alger to Norman Vincent Peale" Basic Books, 1969. ISBN 0252060431

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Shuttleworth, Peter (25 December 2020). "Christmas: The mail-order pioneer who started a billion-pound industry". BBC News. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  2. ^ "The decisive goal: Blanco bags Mexico's maiden title". FIFA.com. 19 April 2017. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2018. Cuauhtemoc Blanco Bravo is without doubt one of the finest players Mexico has ever produced
  3. ^ "Cuauhtémoc Blanco – Los diez mejores futbolistas mexicanos de la historia" [Cuauhtémoc Blanco – The ten best Mexican footballers in history]. Marca (in Spanish).
  4. ^ Villegas Gama, Karla. "Ranking the Best 20 Mexican Players of All Time". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  5. ^ Cleary, Stephen. "Best Mexican Soccer Players of All Time". Cleats. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  6. ^ "The best penalty takers of all time". BARÇA NÚMEROS. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018. According to this analysis and to the dataset we have used, Cuauhtémoc Blanco (71 scored out of 73 total penalties) is our best penalty taker. [...] Also, according to our results, we can say that Blanco is probably the best penalty taker in the world, but we cannot say that with absolute certainty. What we can say is that, from all the players we have considered and according to our methodology, Blanco has the highest probability of being better than the rest (around 66% probability that he is a better penalty taker than Alexander and Le Tissier (and so on).
  7. ^ "Zo Ben Ik Groot Geworden: Bas van Toor". RTV Rijnmond. 2 March 2016.
  8. ^ van Sas, Edwin (4 April 2017). "We spraken Bas van Toor over gouden Rolexen, de klimaathoax en keihard werken voor je centen". VICE.
  9. ^ van Kleef, Joost (31 October 2017). "De 8 slimme managementlessen van Bassie & Adriaan". Quotenet.
  10. ^ i100 staff. article. published by The Independent 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Huffington Post (14 January 2013). article. published by Huffington Post 14 January 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  12. ^ Smith, Ben (10 September 2013). "Zlatan Ibrahimovic: From teenage outcast to world great". BBC Sport. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  13. ^ Crowell, Merle (December 1922). "The Amazing Story of Martin W. Littleton". The American Magazine. Springfield, Ohio: The Crowell Publishing Company. pp. 16, 78–88. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  14. ^ Flores, Wilson Lee (28 July 2010). "Why Henry Sy cried when he saw his father". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  15. ^ "Is MrBeast the world's most controversial YouTuber?". South China Morning Post. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  16. ^ IMDb – bio [Retrieved 6 December 2015]
  17. ^ Data-page published by Forbes magazine 6 December 2015 [Retrieved 6 December 2015]
  18. ^ "Inside Steve Harvey's Struggle with Homelessness". Peoplemag. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  19. ^ "Steve Harvey: I Was Homeless for Three Years". Peoplemag. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  20. ^ The Pursuit of Happyness – Rotten Tomatoes
  21. ^ Suskin, Steven (2010). Show Tunes: The Songs, Shows, and Careers of Broadway's Major Composers (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-19-531407-6.
  22. ^ an English language 1917 autobiography by The Forward's Yiddish-language editor (1903–1946), Abraham Cahan (1860–1961), using an alter-ego with a variation of his name: Cahan/Kohen vs. Levinsky/Levi/Levite; Abraham becomes David
  23. ^ Susan Kittner Huntting. "The Rise of David Levinsky, by Abraham Cahan". .. is considered to be the first American novel to chronicle the Jewish American immigrant experience at the end of the 19th century.
  24. ^ from the book's opening page: Hilary Daninhirsch (4 February 2011). "The Rise of David Levinsky". The Jewish Chronicle.
  25. ^ Roosters storm into NRL grand final – www.smh.com.au
  26. ^ Taleb, 2001. "Part II: Monkeys on typewriters; Survivorship and other Biases"
  27. ^ Riches-to-rags stories: Fallen billionaires - NBC News
  28. ^ Peña, 2012. Chapter 5 "From Rags to Riches"
  29. ^ Weiss, 1969. P.35
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