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Veronica Lake

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Veronica Lake
Lake, c. 1952
Born
Constance Frances Marie Ockelman

(1922-11-14)November 14, 1922
New York City, U.S.
DiedJuly 7, 1973(1973-07-07) (aged 50)
Burlington, Vermont, U.S.
Other names
  • Constance Keane
  • Connie Keane
OccupationActress
Years active1939–1970
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1940; div. 1943)​
​
​
(m. 1944; div. 1952)​
Joseph Allan McCarthy
​
​
(m. 1955; div. 1959)​
Robert Carleton-Munro
​
​
(m. 1972)​
Children4

Constance Frances Marie Ockelman (November 14, 1922 – July 7, 1973), known professionally as Veronica Lake, was an American film, stage, and television actress. Lake was best known for her femme fatale roles in films noir with Alan Ladd during the 1940s, her peek-a-boo hairstyle, and films such as Sullivan's Travels (1941) and I Married a Witch (1942). By the late 1940s, Lake's career began to decline, due in part to her alcoholism. She made only one film in the 1950s, but had several guest appearances on television. She returned to the big screen in the film Footsteps in the Snow (1966), but the role failed to revitalize her career.

Lake's memoir, Veronica: The Autobiography of Veronica Lake, was published in 1970. Her final screen role was in a low-budget horror film, Flesh Feast (1970). After years of heavy drinking, Lake died at the age of 50 in July 1973, from hepatitis and acute kidney injury.

Early life

Lake was born Constance Frances Marie Ockelman in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Her father, Harry Eugene Ockelman, was of German and Irish descent,[1][2][3][4] and worked for an oil company aboard a ship. He died in an oil tanker explosion in Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania in 1932.[5] Lake's mother, Constance Frances Charlotta (née Trimble; 1902–1992), of Irish descent, in 1933 married Anthony Keane, a newspaper staff artist also of Irish descent, and Lake began using his surname.[6]

The Keanes lived in Saranac Lake, New York, where young Lake attended St. Bernard's School. She was then sent to Villa Maria, an all-girls Catholic boarding school in Montreal, Canada, from which she was expelled. Lake later claimed she attended McGill University and took a premed course for a year, intending to become a surgeon. This claim was included in several press biographies, although Lake later admitted it was bogus. Lake subsequently apologized to the president of McGill, who was simply amused when she explained her habit of self-dramatizing.[7] When her stepfather fell ill during her second year,[vague] the Keane family later moved to Miami, Florida.[8] Lake attended Miami High School, where she was known for her beauty. She had a troubled childhood and was diagnosed with schizophrenia, according to her mother.[9]

Career

Constance Keane

In 1938, the Keanes moved to Beverly Hills, California. While briefly under contract to MGM, Lake enrolled in that studio's acting farm, the Bliss-Hayden School of Acting (now the Beverly Hills Playhouse). She made friends with a girl named Gwen Horn and accompanied her when Horn went to audition at RKO.[8] She appeared in the play Thought for Food in January 1939.[10] A theatre critic from the Los Angeles Times called her "a fetching little trick" for her appearance in She Made Her Bed.[11]

Keane's first appearance on screen was as an extra for RKO,[12] playing a small role as one of several students in the film Sorority House (1939). The part wound up being cut from the film, but she was encouraged to continue. Similar roles followed, including All Women Have Secrets (1939), Dancing Co-Ed (also 1939), Young as You Feel (1940), and Forty Little Mothers (also 1940). Forty Little Mothers was the first time she let her hair down on screen.[13]

Name change and stardom

Publicity photo for I Wanted Wings (1941)

Lake attracted the interest of Fred Wilcox, an assistant director, who shot a test scene of her performing from a play and showed it to an agent. The agent, in turn, showed it to producer Arthur Hornblow Jr., who was looking for a new girl to play the part of a nightclub singer in a military drama, I Wanted Wings (1941). Hornblow changed the actress's name to Veronica Lake. According to him, her eyes, "calm and clear like a blue lake", were the inspiration for her new name.[14]

The film became a big hit, and made the teenage Lake a star overnight; even before the film came out, Lake was dubbed "the find of 1941".[8] During filming, Lake's long blonde hair accidentally fell over her right eye during a take and created a "peek-a-boo" effect. "I was playing a sympathetic drunk, I had my arm on a table ... it slipped ... and my hair – it was always baby fine and had this natural break – fell over my face ... It became my trademark and purely by accident", she recalled.[15] The film's success influenced women to copy the style, which became Lake's trademark.[16] However, Lake did not think this meant she would have a long career and maintained her goal was to be a surgeon. "Only the older actors keep on a long time ... I don't want to hang on after I've reached a peak. I'll go back to medical school", she said.[8]

Lake with Joel McCrea in Sullivan's Travels (1941). As seen, she is sporting her peek-a-boo hairstyle, with her hair covering one of her eyes.

Paramount announced Lake to star in China Pass and a remake of Blonde Venus.[17] Instead, she was cast in Preston Sturges's Sullivan's Travels with Joel McCrea; and film noir This Gun for Hire (1942) with Robert Preston and Alan Ladd. Her scenes with Ladd in the latter became popular with audiences, prompting Paramount to reteam them in The Glass Key, with Lake replacing Patricia Morison in the leading role.[18] Lake was meant to be reunited with McCrea in the comedy I Married a Witch, but his withdrawal from the project led to a delay in production; Fredric March was eventually cast as his replacement. Both films were highly successful, but also prevented a reunion with Hornblow for Hong Kong in which she was meant to co-star with Charles Boyer.[19]

The trailer for Sullivan's Travels

Upon the United States' entrance into World War II, Lake traveled throughout the United States to raise money for war bonds. She also became a popular pin-up girl for soldiers,[20] and participated in awareness campaigns to help decrease accidents involving women getting their hair caught in machinery.[21][22][20] Lake's only 1943 releases were both patriotic-themed. She made an appearance in Paramount's all-star musical revue Star Spangled Rhythm performing "A Sweater, Sarong and a Peek-A-Boo Bang" with Paulette Goddard and Dorothy Lamour. Her only film of the year was So Proudly We Hail! (1943) with Goddard and Claudette Colbert, in which she received acclaim for her role of a suicidal nurse. At the peak of her career, she was earning $4,500 a week.[16]

Personal struggles and box-office disappointments

Despite her initial success, Lake suffered a series of setbacks that ultimately derailed her career. Her complex personality quickly led to her acquiring a reputation for being difficult to work with. On Sullivan's Travels, Lake did not disclose she was six months pregnant when filming began, upsetting director Preston Sturges to the point he had to be physically restrained.[23] Lake also clashed with co-star McCrea to the point that he dropped out of I Married a Witch, reportedly saying that "Life's too short for two films with Veronica Lake" (although he did later go on to work with her in Ramrod (1947)).[24] His replacement Frederic March also clashed with Lake after he made crude remarks[which?] about her during pre-production.[25] Eddie Bracken was quoted as saying, "She was known as 'The Bitch' and she deserved the title."[26][27] I Married A Witch director René Clair had a differing view of Lake, saying "She was a very gifted girl, but she didn't believe she was gifted."[28] Lake's behavior eventually spilt over into public view during a publicity stunt in which Lake's services as a dishwasher and revue performer were auctioned off for war bonds. One paper claimed Lake's "talk was on the grim side",[29] while columnist Hedda Hopper claimed that "Lake clipped her own wings in her Boston bond appearance ... It's lucky for Lake, after Boston, that she isn't out of pictures".[30]

With her role in The Hour Before the Dawn (1944), Lake changed her trademark hairstyle to encourage women working in war industry factories to adopt more practical, safer hairstyles. Lake had done so at the urging of the government to help decrease accidents involving women getting their hair caught in machinery.[21][22][20] The film was not a success; Lake's image change and her unsympathetic role of Nazi spy Dora Bruckman earned negative reviews.

In late 1943, Lake took time off after undergoing a series of personal struggles. After tripping on a lighting cable while on the set of The Hour Before Dawn, Lake went into premature delivery and gave birth to a son who died shortly after birth. Within weeks, Lake had also filed for divorce from her husband. Lake also began drinking more heavily during this time.

Upon returning to work in 1944, Lake took stock of her career, claiming, "I had to learn about acting. I've played all sorts of parts, taken just what came along regardless of high merit. In fact, I've been a sort of general utility person. I haven't liked all the roles. One or two were pretty bad".[31] Lake also expressed interest in renegotiating her deal with Paramount:

The studio feels that way about it too. They have indicated they are going to fuss more about the pictures in which I appear. I think I'll enjoy being fussed about ... I want this to be the turning point and I think that it will. I am free and clear of unpleasant characters, unless they are strongly justified. I've had a varied experience playing them and also appearing as heroines. The roles themselves haven't been noteworthy and sometimes not even especially spotlighted, but I think they've all been beneficial in one way or another. From here on there should be a certain pattern of development, and that is what I am going to fight for if necessary, though I don't believe it will be because they are so understanding here at Paramount.[31]

Lake returned with roles in the musical Bring On the Girls (1945) with Eddie Bracken and Sonny Tufts; and Hold That Blonde with Bracken. Lake enjoyed making the film, saying "it's a comedy, rather like what Carole Lombard used to do ... It represents a real change of pace".[31] However, neither film was successful, as were minor roles in Out of This World and Miss Susie Slagle's (1946).

Final years at Paramount and freelance

Lake and Alan Ladd in trailer for The Blue Dahlia (1946)

After her role in Miss Susie Slagle's, producer John Houseman cast Lake in the film noir The Blue Dahlia (1946). The film reunited her with Alan Ladd, who had become one of Paramount's top stars since their last pairing in The Glass Key. Lake was pleased with the role, but her performance in the film did not impress its screenwriter Raymond Chandler, who referred to her as "Moronica Lake".[32] Nonetheless, it became her first success since So Proudly We Hail! and the largest of her career.

For the first time in her career, Lake ventured outside of Paramount with the United Artists Western Ramrod (1947). The film was directed by her then-husband Andre de Toth, in their first collaboration. The film also reunited her with Joel McCrea, despite his earlier insistence that he would not work with her again. The film was also successful, continuing her comeback.

Following a cameo in Variety Girl (1947), Lake and Ladd reunited again for the crime film Saigon (1948). Lake returned to her former peek-a-boo hairstyle for the film, which unlike their previous films was not a noir. Reaction to the film was mixed; although financial success, it received a more mixed critical reception in comparison to the couple's earlier vehicles. Coupled with the flops The Sainted Sisters and Isn't It Romantic?, Paramount opted not to renew Lake's contract in 1948.

Following her release from Paramount, Lake took a top supporting role in Slattery's Hurricane (1949). The film, directed by de Toth, was released by 20th Century Fox. She also appeared with Zachary Scott in the Western Stronghold (1951). Shot in Mexico for Lippert Pictures, Lake later described the film as "a dog" and sued for unpaid wages on the film.[33]

Lake and de Toth announced plans to make Flanagan Boy and Before I Wake, the latter from a suspense novel by Mel Devrett.[34] However, neither were made as the couple ran into financial difficulties. In April 1951, the IRS seized their home for unpaid taxes.[35] Later that same year, Lake and de Toth filed for bankruptcy.[36] Bankrupt and on the verge of a nervous breakdown, Lake left de Toth and flew alone to New York. Reflecting on her departure years later, Lake said:

"They said, 'She'll be back in a couple of months,'" recalled Lake. "Well I never returned. Enough was enough already. Did I want to be one of the walking dead or a real person?"[15]

Lake performed in summer stock theatre and in stage roles in England.[37] In October 1955, she collapsed in Detroit, where she had been appearing on stage in The Little Hut.[38]

Later years

After her third divorce, Lake drifted between cheap hotels in New York City, and was arrested several times for public drunkenness and disorderly conduct. In 1962, a New York Post reporter found her living at the all-women's Martha Washington Hotel in Manhattan, working as a waitress downstairs in the cocktail lounge.[39] She was working under the name "Connie de Toth". Lake said she took the job in part because "I like people. I like to talk to them".[40]

The reporter's widely distributed story led to speculation that Lake was destitute. After the story ran, fans of Lake sent her money which she returned as "a matter of pride".[37] Lake vehemently denied that she was destitute and stated, "It's as though people were making me out to be down-and-out. I wasn't. I was paying $190 a month rent then, and that's a long way from being broke".[41] The story did revive some interest in Lake and led to some television and stage appearances, including the 1963 off-Broadway revival of the musical Best Foot Forward.[41][42]

In 1966, she had a brief employment as a hostess on a tv show in Baltimore, Maryland, along with a largely ignored film role in Footsteps in the Snow. She also continued appearing in stage roles.[20] She went to Freeport in the Bahamas to visit a friend and stayed on, living there for a few years.[15]

Lake in Flesh Feast (1970), her final film

Lake's memoirs, Veronica: The Autobiography of Veronica Lake, which she dictated to writer Donald Bain, were published in the United Kingdom in 1969 and in the United States the following year. In the book, Lake discusses her career, her failed marriages; romances with Howard Hughes, Tommy Manville and Aristotle Onassis; her alcoholism; and her guilt over not spending enough time with her children.[16] In the book, Lake stated to Bain that her mother pushed her into a career as an actress. Bain quoted Lake, looking back at her career, as saying, "I never did cheesecake like Ann Sheridan or Betty Grable. I just used my hair". She also laughed off the term "sex symbol" and instead referred to herself as a "sex zombie".[37]

When she visited the UK to promote her book in 1969, she received an offer to appear on stage in Madam Chairman.[15] Also in 1969, Lake essayed the role of Blanche DuBois in a revival of A Streetcar Named Desire on the English stage; her performance won rave reviews.[43] With the proceeds from her autobiography, after she had divided them with Bain, she co-produced and starred in her final film, Flesh Feast (1970), a low-budget horror movie with a Nazi-myth storyline.[citation needed]

Personal life

Lake's first marriage was to art director John S. Detlie, in 1940. They had a daughter, Elaine (born in 1941),[44] and a son, Anthony (born July 8, 1943). According to news from the time, Lake's son was born prematurely after she tripped on a lighting cable while filming a movie. Anthony died on July 15, 1943.[45] Lake and Detlie separated in August 1943 and divorced in December 1943.[44]

In 1944, Lake married film director Andre de Toth with whom she had a son, Andre Anthony Michael III (known as Michael DeToth), and a daughter, Diana (born October 1948). Days before Diana's birth, Lake's mother sued her for support payments.[46] After purchasing an airplane for de Toth, Lake earned her pilot's license in 1946. She later flew solo between Los Angeles and New York when leaving him.[47] Lake and de Toth divorced in 1952.[48]

In September 1955, she married songwriter Joseph Allan McCarthy.[49] They were divorced in 1959. In 1969, she revealed that she rarely saw her children.

Death

Lake outside the gates of Paramount Pictures in 1971, two years prior to her death

In June 1973, Lake returned from her autobiography promotion and summer stock tour in England to the United States and while traveling in Vermont, visited a local doctor, complaining of stomach pains. She was discovered to have cirrhosis of the liver as a result of her years of drinking, and on June 26, she checked into the University of Vermont Medical Center in Burlington.[43]

She died there on July 7, 1973, of acute hepatitis and acute kidney injury.[50][51] Her son Michael claimed her body.[52] Lake's memorial service was held at the Universal Chapel in New York City on July 11.[53]

She was cremated and, according to her wishes, her ashes were scattered off the coast of the Virgin Islands. In 2004, some of Lake's ashes were reportedly found in a New York antique store.[54]

Legacy

For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Lake has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6918 Hollywood Boulevard.[55]

Filmography

Lake, c. 1940s
Lake sporting a different hairstyle to the peek-a-boo one in So Proudly We Hail (1943)
Film
Year Title Role Notes
1939 Sorority House Student Uncredited, alternative title: That Girl from College
1939 The Wrong Room The Attorney's New Bride Credited as Connie Keane
1939 Dancing Co-Ed One of a Couple on a Motorcycle Uncredited
Alternative title: Every Other Inch a Lady
1939 All Women Have Secrets Jane Credited as Constance Keane
1940 Young as You Feel Bit part Credited as Constance Keane
1940 Forty Little Mothers Granville girl Uncredited
1941 I Wanted Wings Sally Vaughn First featured role
1941 Hold Back the Dawn Movie Actress Uncredited
1941 Sullivan's Travels The Girl Directed by Preston Sturges
1942 This Gun for Hire Ellen Graham First film with Alan Ladd
1942 The Glass Key Janet Henry With Alan Ladd
1942 I Married a Witch Jennifer Directed by René Clair
1942 Star Spangled Rhythm Herself One of a number of Paramount stars making cameos
1943 So Proudly We Hail! Lt. Olivia D'Arcy
1944 The Hour Before the Dawn Dora Bruckmann
1945 Bring On the Girls Teddy Collins
1945 Out of This World Dorothy Dodge
1945 Duffy's Tavern Herself One of a number of Paramount stars making cameos
1945 Hold That Blonde Sally Martin
1946 Miss Susie Slagle's Nan Rogers
1946 The Blue Dahlia Joyce Harwood With Alan Ladd
1947 Ramrod Connie Dickason Directed by her then-husband Andre de Toth; first film made outside Paramount since becoming a star
1947 Variety Girl Herself One of a number of Paramount stars making cameos
1948 Saigon Susan Cleaver Last film with Alan Ladd
1948 The Sainted Sisters Letty Stanton
1948 Isn't It Romantic? Candy Cameron
1949 Slattery's Hurricane Dolores Greaves Directed by André de Toth
1951 Stronghold Mary Stevens
1966 Footsteps in the Snow Therese
1970 Flesh Feast Dr. Elaine Frederick Alternative title: Time Is Terror
Television
Year Title Role Notes
1950 Your Show of Shows Herself – Guest Performer Episode #2.11
1950 Lights Out Mercy Device Episode: "Beware This Woman"[56]
1950–1953 Lux Video Theatre Various 3 episodes
1951 Somerset Maugham TV Theatre Valerie Episode: "The Facts of Life"
1952 Celanese Theatre Abby Fane Episode: "Brief Moment"[57]
1952 Tales of Tomorrow Paula Episode: "Flight Overdue"
1952 Goodyear Television Playhouse Judy "Leni" Howard Episode: "Better Than Walking"
1953 Danger Episode: "Inside Straight"
1954 Broadway Television Theatre Nancy Willard Episode: "The Gramercy Ghost"

Selected stage credits

Theatre
Play Venue Her run
Thought for Food Bliss Hayden Theatre, Beverly Hills 1939: January–February
She Made Her Bed Bliss Hayden Theatre, Beverly Hills 1939: July–August
Private Confusion Bliss Hayden Theatre, Beverly Hills 1940: October
Direct Hit 1944: June[58]
The Voice of the Turtle Atlanta 1951: February[59]
The Curtain Rises Olney Theatre 1951[60]
Peter Pan Road tour 1951
Brief Moment 1952
Gramercy Hill 1952[61]
Masquerade Walnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia 1953[62]
The Little Hut Road tour, including:
Erlanger Theatre, Buffalo[63]
Murat Theatre, Indianapolis[64]
Shubert Theatre, Detroit[65]
Shubert Theatre, Cincinnati[66] 		1955:
September[63]
October[64][65][66]
Bell Book and Candle 1956
Fair Game Road tour, including:
Arena Playhouse, Atlanta[67]
Hinsdale Strawhatter, Chicago[68] 		1959: July[67][68]
Best Foot Forward Stage 73 (Off-Broadway), Manhattan 1963[69]
Madam Chairman Tour of English provinces 1969[15]
A Streetcar Named Desire New Theatre, Bromley 1969[70]
Veronica Lake circa 1950

Veronica Lake's image was used as a sight gag in the 1942 film The Major and the Minor with Ginger Rogers and Ray Milland.

Clips from her role in The Glass Key (1942) were integrated into the 1982 film Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid as character Monica Stillpond.

Lake was one of the models for the animated character Jessica Rabbit in the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit?, especially for her hairstyle.[71][72]

In the 1997 film L.A. Confidential, Kim Basinger won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of a prostitute who is a Veronica Lake look-alike.[73][74]

A geographical feature called "Lake Veronica" was a recurring joke in the Rocky and Bullwinkle series and film.[75]

In the video game BioShock Infinite: Burial at Sea (2013–14), the visual style of the character Elizabeth was inspired by Veronica Lake's femme fatale roles.[76]

In Moose: Chapters from My Life, Robert B. Sherman's 2013 posthumously released autobiography, he writes about his teenage friendship with Lake.[77]

Clara Paget plays Lake in the 2021 film The Lost Blonde: The Veronica Lake Story.[78]

In April, 2023, Sparks released "Veronica Lake", a single from their album The Girl Is Crying in Her Latte. The song describes how Lake was asked to change her hairstyle so that women on the war assembly lines who imitated it wouldn't harm themselves by catching their hair in the machinery, and that, by agreeing to do so, she voluntarily gave up much of the popularity that she had gained by her distinctive hairstyle.[79]

Radio appearances

Date Program Episode/source
March 30, 1943 Lux Radio Theater I Wanted Wings
February 9, 1943 Bob Hope Guest star Paulette Goddard and Veronica Lake[80]
February 16, 1943 Burns and Allen Guest star Veronica Lake
November 1, 1943 Lux Radio Theater So Proudly We Hail!
January 8, 1944 Command Performance Guest star Veronica Lake
February 18, 1945 Charlie McCarthy Guest stars Ginny Simms and Veronica Lake[81]
April 2, 1945 The Screen Guild Theater This Gun for Hire[82]
November 18, 1946 Lux Radio Theatre O.S.S.[83]
April 20, 1947 Exploring the Unknown The Dark Curtain
April 21, 1949 The Screen Guild Theater The Blue Dahlia[84]
March 6, 1950 Lux Radio Theatre Slattery's Hurricane
December 15, 1950 Duffy's Tavern "Archie Wants Veronica Lake to Help Promote a New Latin Singer"
December 12, 1954 The Jack Benny Program "A Trip to Palm Springs"

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Harry E Ockelman, United States Census, 1910". FamilySearch. Ancestry.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  2. ^ Parrish, Robert James (1972). The Paramount Pretties. Arlington House. p. 410. ISBN 0-025-08170-5.
  3. ^ Thomas, Calvin Beck (1978). Scream Queens: Heroines of the Horrors. Macmillan. p. 169. ISBN 0-025-08170-5.
  4. ^ Burroughs Hannsberry, Karen (1998). Femme Noir: Bad Girls of Film. McFarland. p. 300. ISBN 0-786-40429-9.
  5. ^ "Cause for Blast on Tankship Is Undetermined". Delaware County Daily Times. Chester, Pennsylvania. February 10, 1932. pp. 1, 11. Retrieved May 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  6. ^ "I, Veronica". Life. Vol. 14, no. 20. May 17, 1943. p. 78. ISSN 0024-3019.
  7. ^ "I, Veronica". Life. Vol. 14, no. 20. May 17, 1943. p. 82.
  8. ^ a b c d "Cinderell Girl of '41". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 23, 1941. p. 3.
  9. ^ Chierichetti 2004, p. 70
  10. ^ "Current Films". Los Angeles Times. January 29, 1939. p. C4.
  11. ^ Von Blon, Katherine (August 21, 1939). "She Made Her Bed". Los Angeles Times. p. 9.
  12. ^ "I, Veronica". Life. Vol. 14, no. 20. May 17, 1943. p. 77. ISSN 0024-3019.
  13. ^ Strauss, Theodore (November 8, 1942). "Veronica Lake, Full Face". The New York Times. p. X3.
  14. ^ "Veronica Lake is Paramount's Bid for Year's Best Glamor Starlet". Life. Vol. 10, no. 9. March 3, 1941. p. 83. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
  15. ^ a b c d e Gale, Bill (August 24, 1969). "Lake: 'To Work ... and to Live': Veronica Lake". New York Times. p. D13.
  16. ^ a b c "'Peek-a-Boo' Star Veronica Lake Hepatitis Victim". The Victoria Advocate. July 8, 1973. p. 6-A. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  17. ^ Churchill, Douglas (April 2, 1941). "Warners Buys the Corn is Green". The New York Times. p. 27.
  18. ^ "Ladd, Lake Together In 'Saigon'". The Deseret News. March 3, 1948. p. 13. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  19. ^ "Of Local Origin". The New York Times. October 24, 1941. p. 27.
  20. ^ a b c d Brenner, John Lanouette (August 26, 1967). "Veronica Lake Gives Telegraph Exclusive Personal Interview". The Telegraph. p. 9. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  21. ^ a b "Veronica Lake's remains resurface". USA Today. October 12, 2004. Archived from the original on September 22, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
  22. ^ a b Starr 2003, pp. 128–29
  23. ^ Steffen, James. "Sullivan's Travels". Turner Classic Movies.
  24. ^ Robert Osborne, Turner Classic Movies, October 6, 2010
  25. '^ Stafford, Jeff. "I Married a Witch". Turner Classic Movies'.
  26. ^ (Donnelley 2003, p. 392)
  27. ^ Parish & Pitts 2003, p. 480
  28. ^ (Terkel 1999, p. 168)
  29. ^ "Tobin Shines As Butler At Bond Lunch: $100,000 Luncheon Served at Tobin Home". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston. June 13, 1944. p. 1.
  30. ^ Hopper, Hedda (July 20, 1944). "Sonny Sings a Song!". The Washington Post. p. 5.
  31. ^ a b c Schallert, Edwin (July 8, 1945). "Change of Pace in Roles Beckons Veronica Lake: Star to Pause at Career's Crossroads Roles to Shift for Veronica". Los Angeles Times. p. C1.
  32. ^ Hiney 1999, p. 154
  33. ^ "Veronica Lake, Named as Film Suit Claimant". Los Angeles Times. March 28, 1962. p. 34.
  34. ^ Schallert, Edwin (March 11, 1950). "Drama: D'Arrast, Glazer Plan Spanish Feature; Power Debates British Stage". Los Angeles Times. p. 11.
  35. ^ "Actress Loses Home For Not Paying Tax". Lodi News–Sentinel. April 7, 1951. p. 8. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
  36. ^ "Veronica Lake Says She's Bankrupt". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. August 17, 1951. p. 1. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
  37. ^ a b c Klemesrud, Judy (March 14, 1971). "What Ever Happened to Veronica Lake?". The Palm Beach Post. p. C6. Retrieved January 11, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  38. ^ "Veronica Lake In Hospital". The Age. October 28, 1955. p. 1. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  39. ^ "Veronica Lake is a Waitress Now". The Milwaukee Journal. March 22, 1962. p. 11. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  40. ^ "Once Glittering Star: Veronica Lake Now Cocktail Waitress". Los Angeles Times. March 23, 1962. p. 2.
  41. ^ a b "Actress Veronica Lake Dies In Vermont Hospital". The Virgin Island Daily News. July 9, 1973. p. 2. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  42. ^ "Best Foot Forward (1963 Off-Broadway Revival)". Archived 2018-08-18 at the Wayback Machine. Internet Off-Broadway Database.
  43. ^ a b "Peek-A-Boo Veronica Lake Dies At 51". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. July 8, 1973. p. 9-A. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  44. ^ a b "Veronica Lake Wins Divorce". The Miami News. December 2, 1943. p. 1. Retrieved January 10, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  45. ^ "Veronica Lake's Baby, Born Prematurely, Dies". Reading Eagle. July 16, 1943. p. 18. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
  46. ^ "Veronica Lake Sued By Mother". The Tuscaloosa News. October 12, 1948. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
  47. ^ "Veronica Lake". Turner Classic Movies Database. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  48. ^ "Veronica Lake Wins Divorce From Director". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. June 3, 1952. p. 12. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
  49. ^ "Veronica Lake Weds Ex-County Tunesmith". The Herald. September 4, 1955. p. 2. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
  50. ^ Vermont Death Records, 1909–2003. Vermont State Archives and Records Administration, Montpelier, Vermont.
  51. ^ Hudson, Edward (July 8, 1973). "Veronica Lake, 53, Movie Star With the Peekaboo Hair, Dead". The New York Times.
  52. ^ "Veronica Lake to Be Buried in Islands". The Virgin Islands Daily News. July 11, 1973. p. 1.
  53. ^ "Rites for Miss Lake Today". The New York Times. July 11, 1973.
  54. ^ Johnston, Lauren (October 12, 2004). "Veronica Lake's Ashes For Sale?". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 8, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  55. ^ "Hollywood Star Walk: Veronica Lake". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
  56. ^ "Beware This Woman". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
  57. ^ Review at Variety
  58. ^ "Veronica Lake Is Added To War Loan Show Cast: Bay State Quota Other Ovations". The Christian Science Monitor. June 9, 1944. p. 2.
  59. ^ "Veronica Taking Lead Role". The New York Times. July 20, 1951. p. 13.
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Sources

Further reading

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