1992 Oregon Ballot Measure 9
Government Cannot Facilitate, Must Discourage Homosexuality, Other "Behaviors". | |||||||||||||
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Oregon Ballot Measure 9 was a 1992 citizens' initiative concerning LGBT rights in the state of Oregon. It sought to amend the Oregon Constitution to prohibit anti-discrimination laws regarding sexual orientation and to declare homosexuality to be "abnormal, wrong, unnatural, and perverse".[2] Listing homosexuality alongside pedophilia and sadism and masochism, it has been described as one of the harshest anti-gay measures presented to voters in American history.[3]: 6
The initiative was an effort of the Oregon Citizens Alliance (OCA), a conservative group active in Oregon politics in the 1990s. It was defeated in the 1992 general election, receiving 44 percent of the vote.[4] The OCA went on to successfully sponsor similar initiatives in several Oregon counties where a majority of voters had supported Measure 9. The Oregon Legislative Assembly eventually overruled these local measures. Opposition to Measure 9 formed the basis of much of the gay rights movement in Oregon.
Political context
[edit]The ballot measure was an effort of the Oregon Citizens Alliance (OCA), a conservative group affiliated with the Christian Coalition[4] that was active in Oregon politics in the 1990s.[5] In 1991, OCA Chairman Lon Mabon announced an "Abnormal Behaviors Initiative" that would seek to prevent state and local governments from "condoning or promoting" homosexuality along with necrophilia, bestiality, or pedophilia.[3]: 18 Supporters of the eventual ballot measure felt that their traditional values were under siege in the face of growing acceptance of homosexuality by society.[2] Opponents stated that the measure was unfairly discriminatory, that it was unconstitutional, and that it demonstrated the homophobia and bigotry of its backers.[citation needed]
The campaign for Measure 9 occurred in the midst of national discourse around "family values" and an economic downturn in which incumbent president George H. W. Bush sought to appeal to socially conservative voters. At the 1992 Republican National Convention, conservative commentator Pat Buchanan gave a speech saying, "There is a religious war going on in this country. It is a cultural war [...] this is a war for the soul of America".[3]: 18 Bush stated his opposition to anti-discrimination laws protecting sexual orientation, while his opponent Bill Clinton expressed support for LGBT rights. In response to a question at a campaign event in Portland, Oregon, Clinton defended homosexuals' right to "live their lives and make a contribution to the rest of us".[3]: 18
The OCA used the slogan No Special Rights[3]: 8 to imply that LGBT people wanted social advantages ("special rights") rather than mere equality. In this and similar campaigns, homosexuality was portrayed as a choice rather than an innate characteristic, one that did not deserve protection.[4] The campaign also made extensive use of a video titled The Gay Agenda produced by a California evangelical group,[4][6] featuring scenes from gay pride parades chosen to portray gay men as hypermasculine and threatening.[4] Another film titled Gay Rights–Special Rights: Inside the Homosexual Agenda (1993), produced by the Southern Baptist Convention, also circulated in the state.[7]
Reception
[edit]Republican Senator and evangelical Christian Mark Hatfield opposed the measure, as did Oregon's most prominent newspapers. Opponents outspent the OCA six to one.[2] On September 10, 1992, the grunge rock band Nirvana played a benefit concert titled, "No on #9".[8] It was ultimately defeated with 44 percent of the vote in support of the measure.[4]
Legacy
[edit]The OCA would go on to back the 1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 13, which would have prevented schools from using materials that were deemed to "legitimize homosexuality", and the 1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 19. They also backed another measure numbered 9 ("son of 9") in 2000. All these were unsuccessful. Another response of the OCA was to place laws similar to Measure 9 on local ballots in the parts of Oregon where a majority of voters had supported Measure 9. They succeeded in this effort in Josephine, Douglas, Linn, and Klamath counties, as well as in Canby and Junction City. The state legislature eventually overruled these local measures.[2] Opposition to Ballot Measure 9 formed the basis of much of the current gay rights movement in Oregon, including the organization Basic Rights Oregon.[5]
See also
[edit]- 1992 Colorado Amendment 2 – Referendum on gay rights
- Ballot Measure 9 – 1995 documentary film
- Gay agenda – Disparaging term used by opponents of gay rights activism
- LGBT rights opposition – Opposition to legal rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer people
- List of Oregon ballot measures
- List of U.S. ballot initiatives to repeal LGBT anti-discrimination laws
References
[edit]- ^ "Initiative, Referendum and Recall" (PDF). Oregon Blue Book. Oregon Secretary of State. n.d. p. 21. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
- ^ a b c d Peterson del Mar, David (2003). Oregon's Promise: An Interpretive History (1st ed.). Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. pp. 264–265. ISBN 978-0-8707-1558-7.
- ^ a b c d e Schultz, William (Spring 2021). "The Rise and Fall of 'No Special Rights'" (PDF). Oregon Historical Quarterly. 122 (1): 6–37. doi:10.1353/ohq.2021.0013. ISSN 2329-3780.
- ^ a b c d e f Staggenborg, Suzanne (2016). Social Movements (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 157–158. ISBN 978-0-1993-6359-9.
- ^ a b Wentz, Patty (1999). "1992 | Homophobia hits home". Willamette Week. 25th Anniversary Issue. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011.
- ^ Alvarado, Cheney; Churchill, Lindsey (2019). "Radical Gay Agenda". In Pierceson, Jason (ed.). LGBTQ Americans in the U.S. Political System: An Encyclopedia of Activists, Voters, Candidates, and Officeholders, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 351. ISBN 978-1-4408-5277-0.
- ^ Summers, Claude, ed. (2012). The Queer Encyclopedia of Film and Television. San Francisco, Calif.: Cleis Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-5734-4882-6.
- ^ Allman, Kevin (February 9, 1993). "The dark side of Kurt Cobain" (PDF). The Advocate. No. 622. Pride Media. p. 39. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
Further reading
[edit]- "Voters' Pamphlet: State of Oregon General Election November 3, 1992" (PDF). Oregon Secretary of State. pp. 93–127. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011 – via Benton County Elections Division.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Includes full text of the measure; arguments for and against. - Pruett, Holly J. (September 13, 2022). "No on 9 Remembered: Straight but not Narrow". Western States Center – via Medium.
- Stein, Arlene (2001). The Stranger Next Door: The Story of a Small Community's Battle Over Sex, Faith, and Civil Rights. Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-7952-2.
- Stone, Amy L. (2012). Gay Rights at the Ballot Box. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-7547-0.