Treponema

Treponema
	Treponema pallidum spirochaetes
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Spirochaetota
Class:	Spirochaetia
Order:	Spirochaetales
Family:	Treponemataceae
Genus:	Treponema; Schaudinn 1905 emend. Abt, Göker & Klenk 2013
Type species
	Treponema pallidum; (Schaudinn & Hoffmann 1905) Schaudinn 1905
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	"Spironema" Vuillemin 1905 non Klebs 1892 non Leger & Hesse 1922 non Rafinesque 1838 non Hochst. 1842 non Lindley 1840 non Meek 1864; "Microspironema" Stiles & Pfender 1905;

Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws. Treponema carateum is the cause of pinta.^[2] Treponema paraluiscuniculi is associated with syphilis in rabbits.^[3] Treponema succinifaciens has been found in the gut microbiome of traditional rural human populations.^[4]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)^[5] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).^[1]

16S rRNA based LTP_08_2023^[6]^[7]^[8]

120 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214^[9]^[10]^[11]

Treponemataceae

	Gracilinema caldarium (Pohlschröder, Leschine & Canale-Parola 1995) Brune et al. 2022

	Zuelzera stenostrepta (Zuelzer 1912) Brune et al. 2022

Breznakiella homolactica Song et al. 2022

Helmutkoenigia isoptericolens (Dröge et al. 2008) Brune et al. 2022

	Leadbettera azotonutricia (Graber et al. 2004) Brune et al. 2022

	Treponema primitia Graber, Leadbetter & Breznak 2004

Brucepastera parasyntrophica Song et al. 2023

Teretinema zuelzerae (Canale-Parola 1980) Song et al. 2023

Treponema

T. medium Umemoto et al. 1997

T. phagedenis (Noguchi 1912) Brumpt 1922 ex Kuhnert et al. 2020

T. denticola (Flügge 1886) Brumpt 1925 ex Chan et al. 1993

	T. pedis Evans et al. 2009

	T. putidum Wyss et al. 2004

s.s.

Treponema

T. brennaborense Schrank et al. 1999

	T. lecithinolyticum Wyss et al. 1999

	T. maltophilum Wyss et al. 1996

T. pectinovorum Smibert & Burmeister 1983

	T. bryantii Stanton & Canale-Parola 1980

	T. rectale Staton et al. 2017

T. berlinense Nordhoff et al. 2005

T. porcinum Nordhoff et al. 2005

	T. peruense Belkhou et al. 2021

	T. succinifaciens Cwyk and Canale-Parola 1981

	T. ruminis Newbrook et al. 2017

	T. saccharophilum Paster & Canale-Parola 1986

	T. amylovorum Wyss et al. 1997

	T. parvum Wyss et al. 2001 non Dobell 1912

T. socranskii

T. s. paredis Smibert, Johnson & Ranney 1984

	T. s. buccale Smibert, Johnson & Ranney 1984

	T. s. socranskii Smibert, Johnson & Ranney 1984

species‑group 2

Breznakiellaceae

Gracilinema caldarium

Breznakiella homolactica

	Leadbettera azotonutricia

	Treponema primitia

Treponemataceae

"Ca. Gallitreponema excrementavium" Gilroy et al. 2021

	"Ca. Avitreponema avistercoris" Gilroy et al. 2021

	Brucepastera parasyntrophica

Treponema

T. pedis

	T. denticola

	T. putidum

	T. medium

	"T. vincentii" (Blanchard 1906) Brumpt 1922 ex Smibert 1984

	T. pallidum (Schaudinn & Hoffmann 1905) Schaudinn 1905 [incl. Treponema paraluiscuniculi (Jacobsthal 1920) Smibert 1974]

	T. phagedenis

s.s.

Treponema

	Treponema brennaborense

	"Ca. Treponema excrementipullorum" Gilroy et al. 2021

	Treponema lecithinolyticum

	Treponema maltophilum

	Treponema bryantii

	Treponema porcinum

	Treponema parvum

	Treponema socranskii

Treponema peruense

	Treponema rectale

	T. succinifaciens

	Treponema berlinense

	Treponema pectinovorum

Treponema ruminis

	Treponema saccharophilum

	"Treponema zioleckii" Piknova et al. 2008

species‑group 2

s.s.

Unassigned species:

"Ca. Treponema caballi" Gilroy et al. 2022
Treponema calligyrum Noguchi 1913
Treponema carateum Brumpt 1939 (pinta-causing Treponema)
"Ca. T. equi" Gilroy et al. 2022 non (Novy & Napp 1906) Noguchi 1928
"Ca. T. equifaecale" Gilroy et al. 2022
"Ca. Treponema faecavium" Gilroy et al. 2021
"Ca. T. intracellulare" Ohkuma et al. 2015 corrig. Oren et al. 2020
"T. legeri" (Duboscq & Lebailly 1912) Zuelzer 1925
"T. macrodentium" Noguchi 1912
"Ca. T. merdequi" Gilroy et al. 2022
Treponema paraluisleporis Lumeij et al. 1994
Treponema pertenue (Castellani 1905) Castellani & Chalmers 1910
Treponema refringens (Schaudinn and Hofmann 1905) Castellani and Chalmers
"Ca. T. scatequi" Gilroy et al. 2022
"Treponema scoliodonta" (Hoffmann 1920) Noguchi 1928 ex Smibert 1984
"Ca. Treponema suis" Molbak et al. 2006 non Kujumgiev & Spassova 1967
"Ca. Treponema teratonymphae" Noda et al. 2018
"T. trimerodonta" (Hoffmann 1920) Prévot 1940

The species Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens have been reclassified into Serpulina hyodysenteriae and Serpulina innocens.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b Sayers; et al. "Treponema". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
^ Antal GM, Lukehart SA, Meheus AZ (January 2002). "The endemic treponematoses". Microbes Infect. 4 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01513-1. PMID 11825779.
^ Harper KN, Liu H, Ocampo PS, et al. (August 2008). "The sequence of the acidic repeat protein (arp) gene differentiates venereal from nonvenereal Treponema pallidum subspecies, and the gene has evolved under strong positive selection in the subspecies that causes syphilis". FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 53 (3): 322–32. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00427.x. PMID 18554302.
^ Angelakis E, Bachar D, Yasir M, Musso D, Djossou F, Gaborit B, et al. (January 2019). "Treponema species enrich the gut microbiota of traditional rural populations but are absent from urban individuals". New Microbes and New Infections. 27: 14–21. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2018.10.009. PMC 6276622. PMID 30555706. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101401, PMID 38799921, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{expression of concern|...}} with {{expression of concern|...|intentional=yes}}.)
^ J.P. Euzéby. "Treponema". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2023-03-20.
^ "The LTP". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Stanton TB, Jensen NS, Casey TA, Tordoff LA, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ (January 1991). "Reclassification of Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens in a new genus, Serpula gen. nov., as Serpula hyodysenteriae comb. nov. and Serpula innocens comb. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41 (1): 50–8. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-1-50. PMID 1704792.

[NCBI-1] Sayers; et al. "Treponema". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2023-03-20.

[pmid11825779-2] Antal GM, Lukehart SA, Meheus AZ (January 2002). "The endemic treponematoses". Microbes Infect. 4 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01513-1. PMID 11825779.

[pmid18554302-3] Harper KN, Liu H, Ocampo PS, et al. (August 2008). "The sequence of the acidic repeat protein (arp) gene differentiates venereal from nonvenereal Treponema pallidum subspecies, and the gene has evolved under strong positive selection in the subspecies that causes syphilis". FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 53 (3): 322–32. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00427.x. PMID 18554302.

[pmid30555706-4] Angelakis E, Bachar D, Yasir M, Musso D, Djossou F, Gaborit B, et al. (January 2019). "Treponema species enrich the gut microbiota of traditional rural populations but are absent from urban individuals". New Microbes and New Infections. 27: 14–21. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2018.10.009. PMC 6276622. PMID 30555706. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101401, PMID 38799921, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{expression of concern|...}} with {{expression of concern|...|intentional=yes}}.)

[5] J.P. Euzéby. "Treponema". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2023-03-20.

[LTP-6] "The LTP". Retrieved 20 November 2023.

[7] "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 20 November 2023.

[8] "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.

[about-9] "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[tree-10] "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[taxon_history-11] "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[pmid1704792-12] Stanton TB, Jensen NS, Casey TA, Tordoff LA, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ (January 1991). "Reclassification of Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens in a new genus, Serpula gen. nov., as Serpula hyodysenteriae comb. nov. and Serpula innocens comb. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41 (1): 50–8. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-1-50. PMID 1704792.

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Phylogeny

See also

References