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ATACMS

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MGM-140 Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS)
ATACMS launch by HIMARS
TypeRocket artillery
Tactical ballistic missile
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service1991–present[1]
Used by
  • Australia
  • United States
  • South Korea
  • Morocco
  • Romania
  • Greece
  • Turkey
  • Poland
  • Ukraine
  • United Arab Emirates
Wars
Production history
DesignerLing-Temco-Vought
Designed1986
ManufacturerLockheed Martin
Unit costM39: $820,000 (FY1998)[2] (or ~$1,476,000 FY2022)
M57: ~$1,700,000 (FY2021)[3]
No. built3,700[4][5]
Specifications ([7][8])
Mass3,690 pounds (1,670 kg)
Length13 feet (4.0 m)
Diameter24 inches (610 mm)
Wingspan55 inches (1.4 m)
Maximum firing range190 mi (300 km)
WarheadM74 bomblets (M39) or
214 kg (472 lb) WAU-23/B unitary warhead (M48, M57)
Flight ceiling160,000 ft (50 km)[6]
Maximum speed Supersonic, in excess of Mach 3 (0.6 mi/s; 1.0 km/s)[6]
Guidance
system
GPS-aided inertial navigation guidance
Launch
platform
M270, HIMARS

The MGM-140 Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS; pronounced /əˈtækəmz/) is a supersonic tactical ballistic missile designed and manufactured by the US defense company Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV), and later Lockheed Martin through acquisitions.

It uses solid propellant and is 13 feet (4.0 m) long and 24 inches (610 mm) in diameter, and the longest-range variants can fly up to 190 miles (300 km).[9] The missiles can be fired from the tracked M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and the wheeled M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS).

An ATACMS launch container (pod) has one rocket but a lid patterned with six circles like a standard MLRS rocket lid to prevent an enemy from discerning what type of missile is loaded.[1]

History

[edit]

Pre-development

[edit]
Demonstration of firing

The concept of a conventional tactical ballistic missile was made possible by the doctrinal shift of the late Cold War, which rejected the indispensability of an early nuclear strike on the Warsaw Pact forces in the event the Cold War went hot.[10] The AirLand Battle and Follow-on Forces Attack doctrines, which emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, necessitated a conventional-armed (hence much more accurate) missile to strike enemy reserves, so the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command sponsored the Simplified Inertial Guidance Demonstrator (SIG-D) program.[10]

Within this program, Ling-Temco-Vought developed a solid-fuel analog of the MGM-52 Lance missile, designated T-22,[11] with a new RLG-based inertial guidance package, which demonstrated unprecedented accuracy.[10] In 1978, DARPA started the Assault Breaker technology demonstration program to attack armor formations with many mobile hard targets at standoff ranges. It used the T-22 missile and the Patriot-based Martin Marietta T-16 missile with cluster warheads.

In March 1980 the U.S. Army decided to replace the Lance with a similar nuclear, but also chemical or biological, tipped solid-fuel missile with simplified usability dubbed the Corps Support Weapon System (CSWS). In a year, concerned about the fact Army started to develop the weapon with a similar objectives to interdict the second-echelon massed targets to already developing by USAF's Conventional Standoff Weapon (CSW) program with only difference of surface/air-launched and both positioned as the part of same Short Range Nuclear Forces of Non-Strategic Nuclear Force Program, the Department of Defense subdued CSWS Project Office (Provisional) to MICOM renaming it to the System Development Office. That new office acquired the Assault Breaker effort thus started to manage the Assault Breaker and CSWS efforts together, that way slowly summing up and moving forward the weapon development progress for the JTACMS program to be сreated.[12][13]

Development

[edit]

Development of the missile now known as ATACMS started in 1980, when the U.S. Army decided to replace the Lance with a similar nuclear, but also chemical or biological, tipped solid-fuel missile dubbed the Corps Support Weapon System (CSWS). Concerned that two branches were developing too many similar missiles with different warheads, the Department of Defense merged the program with DARPA's Assault Breaker in 1981, and with United States Air Force (USAF)'s Conventional Standoff Weapon (CSW) in 1982–1983.[12]

The new missile system, designated Joint Tactical Missile System (JTACMS), soon encountered USAF resistance to the idea of an air-launched ballistic missile. As a result, in 1984 the USAF ended its participation in the non-cruise missile portion of the program, leading to the missile being redesignated as the Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS).[12]

Detailed

[edit]

In fiscal year 1982, the United States House Committee on Appropriations approved the Corps Support Weapon System (CSWS) program, which was the successor to the US Army Assault Breaker program in cooperation with DARPA, was merged with the Conventional Standoff Weapon (CSW) US Air Force and renamed the Joint Tactical Missile System (JTACMS), the goal of which was to create a weapon that meets the combined requirements of both programs, namely, that it can attack and destroy the second-echelon of enemy forces, in particular armored vehicles, and scatter submunitions against such vehicles. In this project, it was planned to use the technologies of Assault Breaker to develop a surface-to-surface weapon system, which should be used for the so-called "deep interdiction" (some sort of preventive measure, the prototype of which is air interdiction when airforce only have been used) - by which is meant the destruction or causing significant damage by the joint activity of air and ground forces to the specific distant from the front line targets, such as buildings, bridges, oil refineries and other industry, that way slowing down logistics and/or providing and/or supporting and, therefore, advancing enemy troops with the aim of tactical, even albeit short-term, superiority of allied troops, which can significantly affect the military theater positive way,[14][15][16][17][18] - using conventional or nuclear weapons on the battlefield. Although both services were to participate in the development of the weapon, it was the US Army who led the JTACMS program[19][20]

As of personalities the program initially was led by Colonel James B. Lincoln, who was a full-time and continuous student at numerous military schools (from 1960, when he graduated from the United States Military Academy, until 1980, when he graduated from Industrial College of the Armed Forces),[21] in 1977 on the basis of Defense Systems Management College graduated with a thesis of "Managing Total Acquisition Time: A New Priority for Major Weapon Systems", where, in particular, he focused on the significant decrease in the pace of procurement of the main missile complexes compared to 1971[22] and in 1980, heading the TRADOC program at Fort Sill in the direction of MLRS, spoke rather defiantly about field army systems, where, in particular, he compared the struggle of the US Army for limited resources during the development of new systems with bow wave, which prevents the ship from accelerating, and military projects are either canceled or refinanced by the state, with waves diverging from it,[23] and was noticed by DARCOM.[24] In April 1984, he was transferred to be the head of the TOW project, and in the current project he was replaced by Colonel William J. Fiorentino, who by that time had already been the head of the Pershing Project Manager's Office for more than 5 years, which during his leadership developed two-stage solid fuel mobile-launched ballistic missiles with a nuclear warhead both short (Pershing) and medium (Pershing II) ranged.[25] Dr. Billy Tidwell who was program manager during JTACMS while and Acting Program Manager for a short period.[26]

On FY 1984 Congress prohibited JTACMS to be used as nuclear charge delivery system despite Army told it could place US forces to disadvantage in some cases. On FY 1985 while similar discussion raised by Congress, Army denied any plans to further developing or integrating a nuclear charge for the JTACMS in favor of developing XM785/W82 improved 155mm Nuclear projectile believed to be a key deterrent to war.[27]

On May, 22th, 1984 U.S. Army and USAF signed an agreeing on a list of 31 initiatives. Item 18 on that list states about services will develop a different types of same rocket for each of it - preferences for army was a development of shorter-ranged ground-launched system, for air-force - air-launched system.[28]

At FY 1985 JTACMS was already proposed to be the internationally participating program with such NATO allies as United Kingdom, Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands and Italy distributing program expenses.[29]

Starting from at least the end of year 1986 ATACMS program was led by Colonel Thomas J. Kunhart.[30]

Production

[edit]

In March 1986, Ling-Temco-Vought won the contract for the missile design. The system was assigned the MGM-140 designation. The first test launch came two years later, thanks to earlier experience of the company with previous programs.

In 2007, the U.S. Army terminated the ATACMS program due to cost, ending the ability to replenish stocks. To sustain the remaining inventory, the ATACMS Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) was launched, which refurbishes or replaces propulsion and navigation systems, replaces cluster munition warheads with the unitary blast fragmentation warhead, and adds a proximity fuze option to obtain area effects. Deliveries were projected to start in 2018. The ATACMS SLEP is a bridging initiative to provide time to complete analysis and development of a successor capability to the aging ATACMS stockpile, which could be ready around 2022.[needs update][31]

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 authorized the production and procurement of up to 1,700 additional ATACMS, but this was not funded by the 2023 Defense Appropriations Act.[32][33][needs update]

Stockpile upgrades

[edit]

In January 2015, Lockheed Martin received a contract to develop and test new hardware for Block I ATACMS missiles to eliminate the risk of unexploded ordnance by 2016.[4][5] The first modernized Tactical Missile System (TACMS) was delivered in September 2016 with updated guidance electronics and added capability to defeat area targets using a unitary warhead, without leaving behind unexploded ordnance.[34][35] Lockheed was awarded a production contract for launch assemblies as part of the SLEP in August 2017.[36] In 2021, Lockheed Martin was contracted to upgrade existing M39 munitions to the M57 variant with a WDU-18/B warhead from the Harpoon missile by 2024.[37]

A plan announced in October 2016 to add an existing seeker to enable the ATACMS to strike moving targets on land and at sea[38] was terminated in December 2020 to pursue other missile efforts.[39]

Replacement

[edit]

Starting in 2016, in view of some lagging in the world arms race, where ATACMS had become outdated, Long-Range Precision Fires (LRPF) began to be developed,[40] which was later renamed Precision Strike Missile (PrSM), with the idea of replacing ATACMS missiles with the "Increment 1" phase (version) of PrSM.[41][42][43] That exact replacement began to fill the U.S. Army in late 2023.[44]

Versions

[edit]
  • M39 (Block I/Block 1, MGM-140 [initially] or MGM-140A [later])[45] missile with inertial guidance. It carries 950 M74 anti-personnel and anti‑materiel (APAM[46]) bomblets, each about the size of a baseball[47] and weighing 1.3 lb (0.59 kg),[2] which are dispersed across a circular area approximately 677 feet (206 m) in diameter, covering 360,000 square feet (33,000 m2) in total and effective against parked aircraft, ammunition dumps, air defense systems, and gatherings of personnel, but not against armored vehicles.[48] The size of the affected area can be changed by modifying the height at which the payload is released.[49] Range of Block I is 25–165 km (15-100 mi).[50] The M74 has a reported failure rate of 2%,[51] or 19 for each M39 missile fired. Video is available of a U.S. Army test of the M39 at a mock airfield.[52][53][54]
    • NATACMS (a Navy version of Army Tactical System[55]) – a ship-launched ATACMS variant for the U.S. Navy, was under development in the 1990s and even twice was tested during early 1995: first – from the ground at the White Sands Missile Range and the second – from the flight deck of USS Mount Vernon (LSD-39) using a modified Army M270 tracked vehicle at a target 75 nautical miles (86 mi) distant on San Clemente Island off Southern California. Last testing missile carried 730 Mk 74 (probably meaning M74 munition) submunitions and achieved a scatter pattern bracketing the target vehicle (including three direct hits) located at the aim point. Despite all test objectives being met, or even exceeded, development has later been cancelled for unknown reasons. Similarly the missile's other designation information is also unknown.[56][57][58]
    • M39A1 (Block IA/Block 1A, MGM-140B)[45] missile with GPS-aided guidance. It carries 300 M74 bomblets. There were 610 produced between 1997 and 2003. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, 74 were fired at Iraqi targets.[59][60] The remaining ones are being updated to M57E1 missiles.[61][62] The M39A1 and later variants can only be used with the M270A1 (or variants thereof) and M142 launchers. Range: 20–300 kilometres (12–186 mi).[63][64]
      • SLATACMS – A Sea-Launched TACMS variant of the Army Block IA missile for undersea operations (intended for a fire support from the sea) with the maximum launch depth limit of 175 feet (150 feet recommended taking in view potential drag coefficient of 0.2), identical warhead (300 M74 fragmentation grenades[65]), same diameter of 23.9" and only dimensional changes of length from 156.5" to 199", – for fins to be folded within a smaller envelope and the addition of fin module, which had to be jettisoned after broach and before missile motor ignition resulting in a flight missile length of 170.13", behind the boattail for stability during underwater flight, – to fit primarily within the most advanced (688i, FLTIII/Flight III) design of Los Angeles-class submarine vertical launching system (VLS) capsules, having 12 of such ones onboard. Its history began when USN Strategic System Program Office authorized a study in June 1995[66] to evaluate undersea cold launch capability of MGM-140A from above mentioned submarine in view of that missile’s great operational history. However, on the Hearings on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 held on March, 1996, become known that USN plan to use not only APAM but also a BAT (Brilliant Anti-Tank) munitions payload,[67] and when Lockheed Martin presented SLATACMS press-release at August, 1996, there was already described modern Block IA (which is MGM-140B) missile as a base modification specimen for the SLATACMS. Choosing a submarine VLS as the appropriate launcher, that was designed by default for Tomahawk missile, which have ~x1,5 length of SLATACMS, exclusively, had led to the creation of a unique combined missile and launch capsule as an all-up-around (AUR) or SLATACMS AUR, which with SLATACMS inside clearly fits the submarine's Tomahawk-designed VLS. While testing of SLATACMS AUR assembly became obvious a great Weapon-Induced (Near Miss) Shock (meaning shock motions (displacement) experienced by any part of weapon itself or its assembly) however still affected no any part of SLATACMS itself (at the stage of Block IA ATACMS this problem was already fixed inside the missile) but missile itself inside the SLATACMS AUR assembly that after long and painstaking study resulted in missile control section structure extension to accommodate the new control surfaces and blast tube, that way control section structure length increase by about 13.6" for a total length of 26.07" and the exterior angle altering to 6°, which allow space for the fins to fold within the capsule envelope and some number of valuable upgrades not affecting the missile size.[68] On December, 9th, 1996 there was an expert opinion about using different weapons while sea-to-ground landing, including SLATACAMS with APAM to suppress infantry as it is clearly effective vs such only target, but totally ineffective vs spread ones because of its cost therefore cannot compete that task with extended-range 5-inch guns, however SLATACAMS filled with BAT munition can effectively prevent armored vehicles engaging a landing force.[69] Despite idea of SLATACMS was heavily popularized already at the early 1995[70] there's no any information available about further development or production or ever operation from submarine. There is no reasons to think Tomahawk missile pushed out SLATACMS from the race as that was believed to compliment the Tomahawk features by providing a short time at flight, easily and quickly targeted and being supersonic ballistic missile that was incredibly difficult to intercept.[71] In contrast, despite no detailed public information available from the time of its development beginning, at the year 1999 Navy still planned to provide (employ) subs in their "Land Attack Standard Missile" (LASM[72]) program, that was closed at the year 2003,[73] with ATACMS unitary warhead modifications,[74] including twice lowering the warhead content weight to 250-pound (110 kg) (which is equal to much newer ATACMS specimen modification - an MGM-168A - and a half of its warhead load), that had to make possible to lower length to 2/3 of ATACMS missile and somehow fill every Tomahawk-designed submarine VLS tube with three of such a tactical ballistic missiles that way being triple-stacked, and, that way, each i.e. modern SSGN Ohio-class submarine, having 22 tubes for 7 Tomahawks each (154 total), could carry up to 462 such TBMs;[75] at the year 2003, after LASM program was closed, Lockheed Martin proposed to use a combination of UAVs with, in fact, SLATACMS technology for converting of four excessive and oldest Ohio-class submarines from SSBNs to SSGN multirole platforms to conduct a variety of land-attack missions.[76] Despite such a contrary information telling SLATACMS development still slowly continues, as of August 2024 no any further information nor about program closure nor development continuation publicly available.
      • M48 (Block I/Block 1 Unitary [initially] Block IV/Block 4 [later],[77] Quick Reaction Unitary [QRU], MGM-140E [initially] or MGM-168A)[45] is a variant of MGM-140B ATACMS Block IA,[78] a High-Explosive (HE), single-stage, Solid-Propellant (SP), Inertial-Navigation-System (INS)/GPS guided, missile containing the Quick Reaction Unitary (QRU) warhead,[79] missile with GPS-aided guidance. It carries the 500-pound (230 kg) WDU-18/B penetrating high explosive blast fragmentation warhead of the US Navy's Harpoon anti-ship missile, which was packaged into the newly designed WAU-23/B warhead section. There were 176 produced between 2001 and 2004, when production ceased in favor of the M57. Operational since 2002.[80] During Operation Iraqi Freedom, 16 were fired at Iraqi targets and a further 42 were fired during Operation Enduring Freedom.[59][60] The remaining ones are in the US Army and US Marine Corps' arsenal. Range: 70–300 km (43–186 mi).
      • M57 (Block IA/Block 1A Quick Reaction Unitary [initially][45] Block IVA/Block 4A [later], TACMS 2000 or T2K[81] or MGM-140E [initially] or MGM-168A [later]) – is, in fact, same missile as M48, so then having exactly the same designation, with reduced production costs up to $100000 per missile with use of so-called "TACMS 2000" program.[82] M39A1-based upgraded missile with GPS-aided guidance. It carries the same WAU-23/B warhead section as the M48. There were 513 produced between 2004 and 2013.[59][60] Accuracy is 9 m (30 ft) CEP (Circular Error Probable). Range: 70–300 km (43–186 mi).[83]
      • M57E1 (ATACMS MOD or MOD [modification, modified][84] or MGM-140E [initially] or MGM-168A [later]) – is, in fact, same missile as M48, so then having exactly the same designation, with only difference it was not produced from scratch but "refurbishing" (modifying) obsolete M39 and M39A1 missiles[82] missile with GPS-aided guidance. M57E1 is the designation for upgraded M39 and M39A1 with re-grained motor, updated navigation and guidance software and hardware, and a WAU-23/B warhead section instead of the M74 bomblets. This variant includes a proximity sensor for airburst detonation.[61] Production commenced in 2017 with an initial order for 220.[59][60]
    • M39A2 (Block II/Block 2, MGM-140C [initially] or MGM-164/MGM-164A [later]) High-Explosive (HE), single-stage, Solid-Propellant (SP), carrier, Inertial-Navigation-System (INS)/GPS guided missile used to dispense Brilliant Anti-armour Technology (BAT) submunitions. Has the same INS/GPS guidance system as the MGM-140B but carried 13 x BAT submunitions in the enlarged warhead section.[45][85][3] The MGM-164A is a designation of the same MGM-140C but produced after applying by Lockheed Martin a "TACMS 2000" (or "TACMS block II program" regarding Block 2 missiles) program that believed to crucially lower the production cost of each missile by $100000,[86] but not at the expense of BAT munitions.[87]
      • The MGM-140D [initially] or MGM-164B [later] (Block IIA/Block 2A) that was firstly believed to be some sort of upgrade of the MGM-140B ATACMS Block IA missile "with numerous structural improvements".[57] subsequently become known as same way improved version of exactly MGM-140C (Block II) with same BAT ordnance, but long-ranged. BAT programs (MGM-140C and MGM-140D) was cancelled totally at 2003.[80][88]
    • M39A3 (P [Penetrator],[84] Block III/Block 3) 220-km ranged High-Explosive (HE, 120 kg warhead), single-stage, Solid-Propellant (SP), Inertial-Navigation-System (INS)/GPS guided, missile used to deliver a Manoeuvrable Re-entry Vehicle (MARV) and penetrator warhead, which is MGM-140B Block 1A (M39A1) missile with a Mk 4 Manoeuvrable Re-entry Vehicle (MARV) as used in the UGM-96 Trident C-4 strategic missile system. It was developed with a program starting at 2001 but terminated in 2004 after the first prototype was tested, after which it never went into production for unknown reasons.[81][89]
  • MGM-140F is believed to be the last known designation of some of new ATACMS variant or upgrade while ATACMS in production (up to 2007), that had place in January 2003, but no more detailed information was ever revealed.[81][90]

Comparison

[edit]
Specifications[91][92]
M39 Block I M39A1 Block I M48 QRU M57 Block IA Unitary
Mass 1,667 kg (3,675 lb) 1,318 kg (2,906 lb) (est) Unknown Unknown
Length 3.975 m (13 ft 0.5 in)
Diameter 610 mm (24 in)
Guidance
type 		INS GPS aided INS
Warhead 950 x M74 bomblets[note 1] 300 x M74 bomblets WAU-23/B unitary warhead
Warhead
weight 		591 kg (1,303 lb) 174 kg (384 lb) 214 kg (472 lb)
Fuze M74 APAM bomblets each initiated by an M219A1E1 fuze FMU 141/B point detonating fuze Tri-mode (point detonating, proximity, and delay) fuze
Motor Solid-propellant rocket motor
Max speed Mach 3 (1,000 m/s; 3,300 ft/s) Unknown Unknown Unknown
Min range 25 km (16 mi) 70 km (43 mi)
Max range 165 km (103 mi) 300 km (190 mi) 270 km (170 mi) 300 km (190 mi)

Operation

[edit]

The ATACMS was first used in combat in 1991: 32 were fired from the M270 MLRS during Operation Desert Storm.[94] In 2003, more than 450 were fired in Operation Iraqi Freedom.[95] As of early 2015, more than 560 ATACMS missiles had been used in combat.[4][5]

Starting from October 2023 Ukraine, using the earliest (short-ranged) versions of ATACMS during the Russian invasion of Ukraine,[96] where these missiles threatened the Russian-occupied "land corridor" to Crimea in the southern part of Ukraine[97] as well as the vast majority of the Russian-operated air bases at the north of occupied Crimea, which significantly complicated use of attack helicopters, previously based there, by Russia against Ukrainian targets.[48][53]

Starting from 19 February 2024 there were rumors about possible near-future use of later (longer-ranged) versions of ATACMS by Ukraine,[98] which in 2 months were proven correct, when an ATACMS missile attack to the Russian-occupied Dzhankoi air base, which was positioned much further from nearest Ukraine-controlled territory then earliest version of ATACMS' strike range, resulting in six main explosions and several reported secondary explosions;[99] it was officially confirmed within a week, when U.S. officials revealed Ukraine already received and deployed the missiles to a combat ready status a month ago.[100][101][102][103][104][105]

On 23 June 2024 an incident happened during an attack on Sevastopol, where Russian air defense missiles were fired at multiple ATACMS missiles resulting in explosions that caused 2 to 4 dead and more 150 injured people on Uchkiivka Beach, where locals reported that no air raid warning had taken place and therefore people on the beach were not able to evacuate.[106][107]

EW vs usability

[edit]

The ATACMS uses multiple inertial navigation units knitted together with software, so it is able to maintain accuracy when GPS is lost from Russian electronic warfare better than other GPS-guided weapons.[108]

Reverse engineering

[edit]

On July 1st, 2024, Russia claimed to have recovered an ATACMS missile guidance system intact and Russian officials are studying the guidance system to "identify any weak spots".[109]

Operators

[edit]
Operators:
  Current
  Future

Contracted

[edit]
  •  Australia: In May 2022, Australia ordered 20 M142 HIMARS launchers for the Australian Army with 10 M57 ATACMS unitary rockets and other MLRS munitions in an AU$545m (US$385m) contract.[128][needs update]
  •  Estonia: A request to buy up to 18 M57 ATACMS was approved in July 2022.[129]
  •  Latvia: A request to buy 10 M57 ATACMS missile pods was approved in October 2023.[130]
  •  Lithuania: A request to buy 18 M57 ATACMS missile pods was approved in November 2022.[131]
  •  Morocco: Ordered 18 M142 HIMARS launchers with 40 M57 ATACMS missile pods along with other MLRS munitions (M30A2, M31A2) for an estimated cost of US$524 million in April 2023.[132]
  •  Taiwan: In October 2020, the U.S. State Department approved the sale of 64 M57 ATACMS to Taiwan.[133][needs update]

Discarded

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Comparable missiles

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The M74 APAM (Anti‐Personnel Anti‐Matériel) bomblet weighs 590 g (21 oz) and is 58.9 mm (2.32 in) in diameter. It has a Composition B High‐Explosive shaped charge. It is initiated by an M219A1E1 fuze with a booster pellet which also creates an incendiary effect, and is surrounded by a tungsten fragmenting wall.[91][93]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "MGM-140 ATACMS". Military Today. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  2. ^ a b "M39 Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS)". Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Joe Biden is Probably About to Send These Deep-Strike Missiles to Ukraine". 20 September 2023.
  4. ^ a b c "U.S. army awards Lockheed Martin $78 million contract for ATACMS guided missile modernization". Armyrecognition.com. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b c "Lockheed Martin Tactical Missile System Upgrades". Armedforces-Int.com. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015.
  6. ^ a b Hasik, James (2 November 2016). "Third Offset Breakthrough: U.S. Army Using Existing Technology to Develop 'Warship-Killer' Missiles". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  7. ^ "ATACMS Long-Range Precision Tactical Missile System" (PDF). lockheedmartin.com. 30 July 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  8. ^ "Lockheed Martin MGM-140 ATACMS". Designation-systems.net. 19 September 2006. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  9. ^ "Army Tactical Missile System Block IA Unitary". Lockheed Martin. 25 March 2021. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  10. ^ a b c Romanczuk, Glenn E. (11 August 2002). Lessons From Army System Developments. Volume 2: Case Studies: Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) (Report). Huntsville, Alabama: Alabama Univ in Huntsville Research Inst. pp. B-1–B-23. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  11. ^ "T-22 (SIG-D, Assault Bereaker) SRBM". Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  12. ^ a b c "The United States Army| Redstone Arsenal Historical Information". history.redstone.army.mil. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  13. ^ Defense Department Authorization and Oversight: Research, development, test, and evaluation. United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983., p. 158, at Google Books
  14. ^ Kopp, Carlo (April 1999). "AH-64D Apache Longbow Flight Report". Australian Aviation. 1999.
  15. ^ "Al-Tariq | Denel Dynamics".
  16. ^ https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/images/LSCO%20DeepOps%20book%20interactive%20with%20cover%20spread%2012Nov21.pdf
  17. ^ https://media.defense.gov/2017/Nov/21/2001847061/-1/-1/0/CP_0003_LAUGHBAUM_SYNCHRONIZING_AIRPOWER_FIREPOWER.PDF
  18. ^ https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA307607.pdf
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  20. ^ Department of Defense Appropriations for 1984. Part 5 (1983). United States of America: U.S. Government Printing Office., p. 610, at Google Books
  21. ^ "Colonel James Lincoln". Archived from the original on 20 August 2024.
  22. ^ Concepts: The Journal of Defense Systems Acquisition Management. United States, Defense Systems Management College, 1980., p. 19, at Google Books
  23. ^ Concepts: The Journal of Defense Systems Acquisition Management. United States of America, Defense Systems Management College, 1980., p. 20, at Google Books
  24. ^ Concepts: The Journal of Defense Systems Acquisition Management. United States of America, Defense Systems Management College, 1980., p. 118, at Google Books
  25. ^ Program Manager: The Defense Systems Management College Newsletter. United States of America, Defense Systems Management College, 1981. at Google Books
  26. ^ https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA517010.pdf
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