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23rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)

Coordinates: 40°44′25″N 73°59′11″W / 40.740169°N 73.98644°W / 40.740169; -73.98644
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see 23rd Street.

 23 Street
 "6" train"6" express train​
New York City Subway station (rapid transit)
View of northbound platform
Station statistics
AddressEast 23rd Street & Park Avenue South
New York, New York
BoroughManhattan
LocalePark Avenue South,[a] Gramercy, Flatiron District
Coordinates40°44′25″N 73°59′11″W / 40.740169°N 73.98644°W / 40.740169; -73.98644
DivisionA (IRT)[3]
Line   IRT Lexington Avenue Line
Services   4 late nights (late nights)
​   6 all times (all times) <6> weekdays until 8:45 p.m., peak direction (weekdays until 8:45 p.m., peak direction)
TransitBus transport New York City Bus: M1, M2, M3, M9, M14A SBS, M14D SBS, M15, M15 SBS, M23 SBS, M34 SBS, M34A SBS, M55, M101, M102, M103, SIM3, SIM6, SIM6X, SIM10, SIM11, SIM31, X37, X38, X63, X64, X68
MTA Bus: BM1, BM2, BM3, BM4, BxM1, BxM7, BxM10, BxM18, QM21
Ferry transport NYC Ferry: Soundview Route (on FDR Drive/Avenue C and East 20th Street)
StructureUnderground
Platforms2 side platforms
Tracks4
Other information
OpenedOctober 27, 1904 (120 years ago) (1904-10-27)[4]
AccessibleThis station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ADA-accessible
Opposite-
direction
transfer		No
Traffic
20235,409,296[5] Increase 13.5%
Rank47 out of 423[5]
Services
Preceding station New York City Subway New York City Subway Following station
28th Street
4 late nights ​6 all times <6> weekdays until 8:45 p.m., peak direction
toward Pelham Bay Park
Local 		14th Street–Union Square
4 late nights ​6 all times <6> weekdays until 8:45 p.m., peak direction
toward Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall
"5" train does not stop here
Location
23rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line) is located in New York City Subway
23rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
23rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line) is located in New York City
23rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
23rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line) is located in New York
23rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
Track layout

Legend
to 28th Street
to 14th St–Union Square
Street map

Map

Station service legend
Symbol Description
Stops all times Stops all times
Stops late nights only Stops late nights only
Stops rush hours in the peak direction only Stops rush hours in the peak direction only

The 23rd Street station is a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Park Avenue South and 23rd Street in Gramercy Park and Flatiron District, Manhattan, it is served by 6 trains at all times, <6> trains during weekdays in the peak direction, and 4 trains during late night hours.

The 23rd Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction of the line segment that includes the 23rd Street station started on September 12 of the same year. The station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway. The station's platforms were lengthened in the late 1940s.

The 23rd Street station contains two side platforms and four tracks; express trains use the inner two tracks to bypass the station. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations, which are continued along the platform extensions. The platforms contain exits to 22nd Street to the south and 23rd Street to the north. The platforms are not connected to each other within fare control. The station contains elevators from the street, which make it compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

History

[edit]

Construction and opening

[edit]

Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864.[6]: 21  However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature passed the Rapid Transit Act.[6]: 139–140  The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, the Rapid Transit Commission's chief engineer. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx.[7]: 3  A plan was formally adopted in 1897,[6]: 148  and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.[6]: 161  The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900,[8] in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line.[6]: 165  In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations.[7]: 4  Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.[6]: 182 

The 23rd Street station was constructed as part of the route segment from Great Jones Street to 41st Street. Construction on this section of the line began on September 12, 1900. The section from Great Jones Street to a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 33rd Street was awarded to Holbrook, Cabot & Daly Contracting Company, while the remaining section to 41st Street was done by Ira A. Shaker.[8] By late 1903, the subway was nearly complete, but the IRT Powerhouse and the system's electrical substations were still under construction, delaying the system's opening.[6]: 186 [9] The 23rd Street station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line.[4][6]: 186 

Service changes and station renovations

[edit]

After the first subway line was completed in 1908,[10] the station was served by local trains along both the West Side (now the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line to Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street) and East Side (now the Lenox Avenue Line). West Side local trains had their southern terminus at City Hall during rush hours and South Ferry at other times, and had their northern terminus at 242nd Street. East Side local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street).[11]

To address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening the platforms at stations along the original IRT subway.[12]: 168  As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $49.1 million in 2023) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $16.4 million in 2023) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.[13]: 15  Platforms at local stations, such as the 23rd Street station, were lengthened by between 20 and 30 feet (6.1 and 9.1 m). Both platforms were extended to the north and south.[13]: 108  Six-car local trains began operating in October 1910.[12]: 168  The Lexington Avenue Line opened north of Grand Central–42nd Street in 1918, and the original line was divided into an H-shaped system. All local trains were sent via the Lexington Avenue Line, running along the Pelham Line in the Bronx.[14]

In December 1922, the Transit Commission approved a $3 million project to lengthen platforms at 14 local stations along the original IRT line, including 23rd Street and seven other stations on the Lexington Avenue Line. Platform lengths at these stations would be increased from 225 to 436 feet (69 to 133 m).[15][16] The commission postponed the platform-lengthening project in September 1923, at which point the cost had risen to $5.6 million.[17][18]

The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940.[19][20] In January 1947, the New York City Board of Transportation awarded a $4.003 million contract for the lengthening of platforms at the 23rd Street, 28th Street, and 33rd Street stations.[21] The platform extensions at all three stations opened on April 13, 1948, after which they could accommodate ten-car trains.[22]

In 1981, the MTA listed the station among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system.[23] A renovation of the 23rd Street station was funded as part of the MTA's 1980–1984 capital plan.[24] The MTA received a $106 million grant from the Urban Mass Transit Administration in October 1983; most of the grant would fund the renovation of eleven stations,[25][26] including 23rd Street.[25]

The station's token booths were shuttered in May 2005, after fare tokens were replaced with MetroCards; station agents were deployed elsewhere in the station to answer passengers' queries. This was part of a pilot program that was tested at seven other stations.[27] In late 2014, construction began to install ADA-accessible elevators in the station. To make room for the elevator that serves the northbound platform, the northbound staircase on the northeastern corner of Park Avenue South and 23rd Street had to be demolished, and was relocated a few feet down the street.[28] The relocated staircase opened in August 2015. The construction was completed in December 2016, making the station fully ADA-compliant.[29]

Station layout

[edit]
Ground Street level Entrances/exits
Disabled access Elevators at northeast corner of 23rd Street and Park Avenue South for northbound "4" train​"6" train"6" express train service, and at northwest corner for southbound "4" train​"6" train"6" express train service
Platform level Side platform Disabled access
Northbound local ← "6" train"6" express train toward Pelham Bay Park or Parkchester (28th Street)
← "4" train toward Woodlawn late nights (28th Street)
Northbound express ← "4" train"5" train do not stop here
Southbound express → "4" train"5" train do not stop here →
Southbound local → "6" train"6" express train toward Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall (14th Street–Union Square (no service: 18th Street)) →
→ "4" train toward New Lots Avenue late nights (14th Street–Union Square (no service: 18th Street)) →
Side platform Disabled access

Like other local stations, 23rd Street has four tracks and two side platforms. The 6 stops here at all times,[30] rush-hour and midday <6> trains stop here in the peak direction;[30] and the 4 stops here during late nights.[31] The two express tracks are used by the 4 and 5 trains during daytime hours.[32] The station is between 28th Street to the north and 14th Street–Union Square to the south.[33] The platforms were originally 200 feet (61 m) long, like at other local stations on the original IRT,[7]: 4 [34]: 8  but later became 520 feet (160 m) long.[22] The platform extensions are at the south ends of the original platforms.[34]: 34  The 23rd Street station is fully wheelchair-accessible, with elevators connecting the street and platforms.[35]

Design

[edit]
Mosaics with name and frieze
Faience ceiling moldings

As with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method.[36]: 237  The tunnel is covered by a U-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100 mm) thick.[34]: 9  Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6 cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The platforms contain columns with white glazed tiles, spaced every 15 feet (4.6 m). Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5 m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs.[7]: 4 [34]: 9  There is a 1-inch (25 mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100 mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.[34]: 9 

The original decorative scheme consisted of black tile station-name tablets, violet and white tile bands, a grey faience cornice, blue faience plaques, and marble wainscoting.[34]: 34  The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station.[34]: 31  The decorative work was performed by tile contractor Manhattan Glass Tile Company and faience contractor Rookwood Pottery Company.[34]: 34  The ceilings of the original platforms and fare control areas contain plaster molding.[34]: 10 

There are no open crossovers or crossunders between the platforms.[37] The platform extensions had beige tiles. During station renovations in 1988, the beige tiles were removed and the original, white ones restored. It has IND-style signs indicating the way to the exits at 22nd and 23rd Streets. An ornate fare control grille on the southbound side is a piece of artwork entitled Long Division by artist Valerie Jaudon, which was installed during the renovation.[38] The station features a back-lit "23 Street/Park Avenue South" sign at the platform level fare control. The station does not contain restrooms.

23rd St subway cross-section
8th Av 7th Av 6th Av 5th Av &
Broadway 		Park Av
A / C / E 1 / 2 / 3 FM↓ PATH FM↑ N / Q / R / W 6 / <6>
underpass underpass
This box:


Exits

[edit]

Each platform has exits to both 22nd and 23rd Streets; the northbound platform's exits are on the eastern side of Park Avenue South while the southbound platform's exits are on the western side. At 23rd Street, each control area contains two stairs to the southern side of 23rd Street, and a stair and an elevator to the northern side. The northwestern corner stair, for the southbound platform, is within the One Madison Avenue office tower and contains a passageway into the basement of the same building.[39] The elevators provide ADA-accessibility for the whole station.[40]

At 22nd Street, each control area contains two exits, one each to the north and south sides of that street. The southwestern corner stair, for the southbound platform, is inside a building. The northeastern corner stair is outside the United Charities Building and the southeastern corner stair is outside the Church Missions House.[39]

When the station was built, the IRT had made an agreement to construct an exit from the southbound platform into the Mercantile Building (now 304 Park Avenue South), at the southwestern corner of 23rd Street and Park Avenue South. A marble passageway, about 14 feet (4.3 m) wide by 165 feet (50 m) long, provided an exit to the building and to the southern side of 23rd Street between Park Avenue South and Madison Avenue, connecting to that building's elevators.[41]: 29, 31 [42] The passageway was slightly higher than the southbound platform, so a broad, curved flight of stairs was built on the southern side of the southbound fare control area.[41]: 31  There were store windows on the southern side of the passageway, overlooking the Mercantile Building's basement storefront. When opened, the passageway was advertised as New York City's first underground sidewalk.[41]: 33, 35 [42] While the broad flight of stairs still exists, the passageway has been sealed. Another sealed passageway leads from the northbound platform to the lobby of 303 Park Avenue South, at the northeast corner with 23rd Street.

  • Original entrance kiosks
    Original entrance kiosks
  • Mercantile Building entrance
    Mercantile Building entrance
  • The former narrow entrance on the northeastern corner of 23rd St and Park Avenue South to the northbound platform
    The former narrow entrance on the northeastern corner of 23rd St and Park Avenue South to the northbound platform
  • Relocated northeastern corner entrance under construction in July 2015
    Relocated northeastern corner entrance under construction in July 2015
  • Relocated northeastern corner entrance, with construction of the elevator in the background
    Relocated northeastern corner entrance, with construction of the elevator in the background
[edit]

In the 1998 film Godzilla, this station was destroyed by Zilla and used as the entrance to the nesting ground inside Madison Square Garden.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The New York Times and the New York City Department of City Planning consider Park Avenue South to be a small micro-neighborhood between Gramercy and Flatiron. Park Avenue South is also the name of the street on which the 23rd Street station is located.[1][2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ C.J. Hughes (January 31, 2018). "Living In / Park Avenue South: The Other Park Avenue Comes Into Its Own". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2018. Mail was occasionally delivered to the wrong addresses — to that other Park Avenue, residents said — and the street appeared to be trapped in real-estate limbo. It was neither here nor there, brushing by brand-name enclaves like Gramercy Park and Flatiron, but not belonging to them, and never really developing a personality of its own. ... With the 6 train directly under Park Avenue South, subway service is never far, although the trains can get jammed. Stops are at East 28th Street and East 23rd Street, and just outside the neighborhood at East 33rd Street and 14th Street‑Union Square, where other lines meet.
  2. ^ "Chapter 1: Project Description". Hudson Square Rezoning: Final Environmental Impact Statement (PDF). New York City Department of Buildings. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  3. ^ "Glossary". Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) (PDF). Vol. 1. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 4, 2003. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Our Subway Open: 150,000 Try It; Mayor McClellan Runs the First Official Train". The New York Times. October 28, 1904. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Walker, James Blaine (1918). Fifty Years of Rapid Transit — 1864 to 1917. New York, N.Y.: Law Printing. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d "Interborough Rapid Transit System, Underground Interior" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. October 23, 1979. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
  8. ^ a b Report of the Board of Rapid Transit Railroad Commissioners for the City of New York For The Year Ending December 31, 1904 Accompanied By Reports of the Chief Engineer and of the Auditor. Board of Rapid Transit Railroad Commissioners. 1905. pp. 229–236.
  9. ^ "First of Subway Tests; West Side Experimental Trains to be Run by Jan. 1 Broadway Tunnel Tracks Laid, Except on Three Little Sections, to 104th Street -- Power House Delays". The New York Times. November 14, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  10. ^ "Our First Subway Completed At Last — Opening of the Van Cortlandt Extension Finishes System Begun in 1900 — The Job Cost $60,000,000 — A Twenty-Mile Ride from Brooklyn to 242d Street for a Nickel Is Possible Now". The New York Times. August 2, 1908. p. 10. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  11. ^ Herries, William (1916). Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 119. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  12. ^ a b Hood, Clifton (1978). "The Impact of the IRT in New York City" (PDF). Historic American Engineering Record. pp. 146–207 (PDF pp. 147–208). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  13. ^ a b Report of the Public Service Commission for the First District of the State of New York For The Year Ending December 31, 1910. Public Service Commission. 1911. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  14. ^ "Open New Subway Lines to Traffic; Called a Triumph — Great H System Put in Operation Marks an Era in Railroad Construction — No Hitch in the Plans — But Public Gropes Blindly to Find the Way in Maze of New Stations — Thousands Go Astray — Leaders in City's Life Hail Accomplishment of Great Task at Meeting at the Astor" (PDF). The New York Times. August 2, 1918. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  15. ^ "33d Street to Be I.R.T. Express Stop; Reconstruction One of Many Station Improvements Ordered by Commission". The New York Times. December 17, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  16. ^ "$4,000,000 in Construction on I. R. T. Ordered: 33d St. on East Side Subway Will Be Express Stop; Local Stations to Have 10-Car Train Capacity Aim to Speed Service Improvements Will Relieve Congestion Along Both Routes. Board Believes". New-York Tribune. December 18, 1922. p. 22. ProQuest 573974563.
  17. ^ "Express Stop Plan Opposed by I.R.T.; Officials Say Money Is Not Available for Change at 33d Street Station". The New York Times. September 7, 1923. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  18. ^ "I. R. T. Wins Delay At Subway Platform Extension Hearing: Transit Commission Head Tells Meeting Widening West Side Stations Would Increase Capacity 25 P. C". New-York Tribune. September 7, 1923. p. 6. ProQuest 1237290874.
  19. ^ "City Transit Unity Is Now a Reality; Title to I.R.T. Lines Passes to Municipality, Ending 19-Year Campaign". The New York Times. June 13, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  20. ^ "Transit Unification Completed As City Takes Over I. R. T. Lines: Systems Come Under Single Control After Efforts Begun in 1921; Mayor Is Jubilant at City Hall Ceremony Recalling 1904 Celebration". New York Herald Tribune. June 13, 1940. p. 25. ProQuest 1248134780.
  21. ^ Crowell, Paul (September 15, 1949). "Platforms Added at 32 IRT Stations; City Pays Out $13,327,000 in Lengthening Local Stops to Take 10-Car Trains". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
  22. ^ a b Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949. New York City Board of Transportation. 1949. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023094926.
  23. ^ Gargan, Edward A. (June 11, 1981). "Agency Lists Its 69 Most Deteriorated Subway Stations". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  24. ^ Goldman, Ari L. (April 28, 1983). "M.T.A. Making Major Addition to Capital Plan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  25. ^ a b Moses, Charles T. (October 3, 1983). "TA Gets Funds to Fix Subways". Newsday. p. 3. ISSN 2574-5298. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
  26. ^ Gargan, Edward A. (October 3, 1983). "City Speeding Its Subway Repairs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
  27. ^ Chan, Sewell (May 3, 2005). "Eight Subway Stations to Deploy Agents to Assist Passengers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
  28. ^ Metropolitan Transportation Authority (May 27, 2014). 23rd Street & Park Avenue South ADA - Presentation to Manhattan Community Board 5 Transportation Committee (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 19, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
  29. ^ "ADA Accessibility at 23 St Station on the Lexington Ave Line". web.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on September 4, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
  30. ^ a b "6 Subway Timetable, Effective December 17, 2023". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  31. ^ "4 Subway Timetable, Effective December 4, 2022". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  32. ^ Dougherty, Peter (2006) [2002]. Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 (3rd ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books.
  33. ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i Framberger, David J. (1978). "Architectural Designs for New York's First Subway" (PDF). Historic American Engineering Record. pp. 1–46 (PDF pp. 367–412). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  35. ^ "MTA Accessible Stations". MTA. May 20, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
  36. ^ Scott, Charles (1978). "Design and Construction of the IRT: Civil Engineering" (PDF). Historic American Engineering Record. pp. 208–282 (PDF pp. 209–283). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  37. ^ Sklar, Robert (2010). "2010 Route Map in the style of the 1959 Schematic" (PDF). nycsubway.org. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  38. ^ "23rd Street - Valerie Jaudon - Long Division, 1988". web.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on September 4, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
  39. ^ a b "MTA Neighborhood Maps: 23 St (6)". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
  40. ^ "MTA Accessible Stations". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  41. ^ a b c "New York's First Underground Sidewalk". Architects' and Builders' Magazine. 37: 29–37. October 1904 – via HathiTrust.
  42. ^ a b Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. p. 48. ISBN 0-8478-0511-5. OCLC 9829395.
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