United States congressional delegations from Indiana
(Redirected from US Congressional Delegations from Indiana)
.png)
Indiana's congressional districts since 2023
These are tables of congressional delegations from Indiana to the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate.
Since its statehood in 1816, the U.S. state of Indiana has sent congressional delegations to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. Each state elects two senators statewide to serve for six years, and their elections are staggered to be held in two of every three even-numbered years—Indiana's Senate election years are to Classes I and III. Before the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were elected by the Indiana General Assembly. Members of the House of Representatives are elected to two-year terms, one from each of Indiana's nine congressional districts. Before becoming a state, the Indiana Territory elected delegates at-large and sent three to Congress, but the territorial delegates were restricted from voting on legislation.
The longest-serving of any of Indiana's Congressmen is Senator Richard Lugar, serving from 1977 to 2013. The longest-serving House member is Lee H. Hamilton, who served from 1965 to 1999. There have been 347 people who have represented Indiana in Congress: 321 in the House, 27 in the Senate, and 18 in both houses, with an average term of seven years. Indiana has elected seven women[1] and three African Americans[2] to Congress.
The current dean of the Indiana delegation is Representative André Carson (IN-7), having served in Congress since 2008.
U.S. House of Representatives
[edit]Current members
[edit]List of members of the House delegation, their terms in office, district boundaries, and the district political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has a total of 9 members, including 7 Republicans and 2 Democrats.
| Current U.S. representatives from Indiana | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District | Member (residence)[3] |
Party | Incumbent since | CPVI (2022)[4] |
District map |
| 1st |  Frank J. Mrvan (Highland) |
Democratic | January 3, 2021 | D+3 | .png)
|
| 2nd |  Rudy Yakym (Granger) |
Republican | November 14, 2022 | R+14 | .png)
|
| 3rd |  Jim Banks (Columbia City) |
Republican | January 3, 2017 | R+18 | .png)
|
| 4th |  Jim Baird (Greencastle) |
Republican | January 3, 2019 | R+18 | .png)
|
| 5th |  Victoria Spartz (Noblesville) |
Republican | January 3, 2021 | R+11 | .png)
|
| 6th |  Greg Pence (Columbus) |
Republican | January 3, 2019 | R+19 | .png)
|
| 7th |  André Carson (Indianapolis) |
Democratic | March 11, 2008 | D+19 | .png)
|
| 8th |  Larry Bucshon (Evansville) |
Republican | January 3, 2011 | R+19 | .png)
|
| 9th |  Erin Houchin (Salem) |
Republican | January 3, 2023 | R+16 | .png)
|
Members of the House of Representatives are elected every two years by popular vote within a congressional district. Indiana has nine congressional districts—this number is reapportioned based on the state's population, determined every ten years by a census. Indiana had a maximum representation of 13 congressmen from 1873 to 1933. Since 2003 Indiana has had nine representatives, which was reduced from ten after the 2000 census. This gives Indiana the fourteenth-largest delegation; during the period from 1853 to 1873 the state had the fifth-largest delegation.
Historical timeline
[edit]Indiana has been represented by 322 people in the House, including 1 who was previously a territorial delegate.
Anti-Monopoly (A-M)
Democratic (D)
Democratic-Republican (DR)
Free Soil (FS)
Greenback (GB)
Independent (I)
National Republican
National Union (NU)
Opposition (O)
Republican (R)
Whig (W)
1815–1823: 1 at-large seat
[edit]| Congress | At-large |
|---|---|
| 14th (1815–1817) | William Hendricks (DR) |
| 15th (1817–1819) | |
| 16th (1819–1821) | |
| 17th (1821–1823) | |
| Jonathan Jennings (DR) |
1823–1833: 3 seats
[edit]| Congress | 1st district | 2nd district | 3rd district |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18th (1823–1825) | William Prince (DR)[a] | Jonathan Jennings (DR) | John Test (DR) |
| Jacob Call (DR)[b] | |||
| 19th (1825–1827) | Ratliff Boon (J) | Jonathan Jennings (NR) | John Test (NR) |
| 20th (1827–1829) | Thomas H. Blake (NR) | Oliver H. Smith (I) | |
| 21st (1829–1831) | Ratliff Boon (J) | John Test (NR) | |
| 22nd (1831–1833) | John Carr (J) | Johnathan McCarty (J) |
1833–1843: 7 seats
[edit]| Congress | 1st district | 2nd district | 3rd district | 4th district | 5th district | 6th district | 7th district |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23rd (1833–1835) | Ratliff Boon (J) | John Ewing (NR) | John Carr (J) | Amos Lane (J) | Johnathan McCarty (J) | George L. Kinnard (J) | Ned Hannegan (J) |
| 24th (1835–1837) | John Wesley Davis (J) | Johnathan McCarty (NR) | |||||
| 25th (1837–1839) | Ratliff Boon (D) | John Ewing (W) | William Graham (W) | George H. Dunn (W) | James Rariden (W) | William Herod (W) | Albert Smith White (W) |
| 26th (1839–1841) | George H. Proffit (W) | John Wesley Davis (D) | John Carr (D) | Thomas Smith (D) | William W. Wick (D) | Tilghman Howard (D) | |
| 27th (1841–1843) | Richard W. Thompson (W) | Joseph L. White (W) | James H. Cravens (W) | Andrew Kennedy (D) | David Wallace (W) | Henry S. Lane (W) |
1843–1853: 10 seats
[edit]| Congress | 1st district | 2nd district | 3rd district | 4th district | 5th district | 6th district | 7th district | 8th district | 9th district | 10th district |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28th (1843–1845) |
Robert D. Owen (D) |
Thomas J. Henley (D) |
Thomas Smith (D) |
Caleb B. Smith (W) |
William J. Brown (D) |
John Wesley Davis (D) |
Joseph A. Wright (D) |
John Pettit (D) |
Samuel C. Sample (W) |
Andrew Kennedy (D) |
| 29th (1845–1847) |
William W. Wick (D) |
Edward W. McGaughey (W) |
Charles W. Cathcart (D) | |||||||
| 30th (1847–1849) |
Elisha Embree (W) |
John L. Robinson (D) |
George Grundy Dunn (W) |
Richard W. Thompson (W) |
William R. Rockhill (D) | |||||
| 31st (1849–1851) |
Nathaniel Albertson (D) |
Cyrus L. Dunham (D) |
George W. Julian (FS) |
William J. Brown (D) |
Willis A. Gorman (D) |
Edward W. McGaughey (W) |
Joseph E. McDonald (D) |
Graham N. Fitch (D) |
Andrew J. Harlan (D) | |
| 32nd (1851–1853) |
James Lockhart (D) |
Samuel W. Parker (W) |
Thomas A. Hendricks (D) |
John G. Davis (D) |
Daniel Mace (D) |
Samuel Brenton (W) |
1853–1873: 11 seats
[edit]1873–1933: 13 seats
[edit]1933–1943: 12 seats
[edit]| Congress | 1st district | 2nd district | 3rd district | 4th district | 5th district | 6th district | 7th district | 8th district | 9th district | 10th district | 11th district | 12th district |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 73rd (1933–1935) | William T. Schulte (D) |
George R. Durgan (D) |
Samuel B. Pettengill (D) |
James I. Farley (D) |
Glenn Griswold (D) |
Virginia E. Jenckes (D) |
Arthur H. Greenwood (D) |
John W. Boehne Jr. (D) |
Eugene B. Crowe (D) |
Finly H. Gray (D) |
William Larrabee (D) |
Louis Ludlow (D) |
| 74th (1935–1937) | Charles Halleck (R) | |||||||||||
| 75th (1937–1939) | ||||||||||||
| 76th (1939–1941) | Robert A. Grant (R) |
George W. Gillie (R) |
Forest Harness (R) |
Noble J. Johnson (R) |
Gerald W. Landis (R) |
Raymond S. Springer (R) | ||||||
| 77th (1941–1943) | Earl Wilson (R) |
1943–1983: 11 seats
[edit]1983–2003: 10 seats
[edit]| Congress | 1st district | 2nd district | 3rd district | 4th district | 5th district | 6th district | 7th district | 8th district | 9th district | 10th district |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 98th (1983–1985) | Katie Hall (D) | Philip Sharp (D) |
John P. Hiler (R) |
Dan Coats (R) |
Elwood Hillis (R) |
Dan Burton (R) |
John T. Myers (R) |
Frank McCloskey (D) |
Lee Hamilton (D) |
Andrew Jacobs Jr. (D) |
| 99th (1985–1987) | Pete Visclosky (D) | |||||||||
| 100th (1987–1989) | Jim Jontz (D) | |||||||||
| 101st (1989–1991) | Jill Long Thompson (D) | |||||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | Tim Roemer (D) | |||||||||
| 103rd (1993–1995) | Steve Buyer (R) | |||||||||
| 104th (1995–1997) | David McIntosh (R) |
Mark Souder (R) |
John Hostettler (R) | |||||||
| 105th (1997–1999) | Ed Pease (R) |
Julia Carson (D) | ||||||||
| 106th (1999–2001) | Baron Hill (D) | |||||||||
| 107th (2001–2003) | Mike Pence (R) | Brian Kerns (R) |
2003–present: 9 seats
[edit]| Congress | 1st district | 2nd district | 3rd district | 4th district | 5th district | 6th district | 7th district | 8th district | 9th district |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 108th (2003–2005) | Pete Visclosky (D) |
Chris Chocola (R) |
Mark Souder (R) |
Steve Buyer (R) |
Dan Burton (R) | Mike Pence (R) |
Julia Carson (D) |
John Hostettler (R) |
Baron Hill (D) |
| 109th (2005–2007) | Mike Sodrel (R) | ||||||||
| 110th (2007–2009) | Joe Donnelly (D) |
Brad Ellsworth (D) |
Baron Hill (D) | ||||||
| André Carson (D) | |||||||||
| 111th (2009–2011) | |||||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | Marlin Stutzman (R) |
Todd Rokita (R) |
Larry Bucshon (R) |
Todd Young (R) | |||||
| 113th (2013–2015) | Jackie Walorski (R)[a] |
Susan Brooks (R) | Luke Messer (R) | ||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| 115th (2017–2019) | Jim Banks (R) | Trey Hollingsworth (R) | |||||||
| 116th (2019–2021) | Jim Baird (R) | Greg Pence (R) | |||||||
| 117th (2021–2023) | Frank Mrvan (D) | Victoria Spartz (R) | |||||||
| Rudy Yakym (R) | |||||||||
| 118th (2023–2025) | Erin Houchin (R) | ||||||||
| Congress | 1st district | 2nd district | 3rd district | 4th district | 5th district | 6th district | 7th district | 8th district | 9th district |
U.S. Senate
[edit]| Current U.S. senators from Indiana | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Indiana
|
Class I senator | Class III senator | ||
.jpg) Mike Braun (junior senator) (Jasper) |
.jpg) Todd Young (senior senator) (Bargersville) | |||
| Party | Republican | Republican | ||
| Incumbent since | January 3, 2019 | January 3, 2017 | ||
Each state elects two senators by statewide popular vote every six years. The terms of the two senators are staggered so that they are not elected in the same year. Indiana's senators are elected in the years from classes 1 and 3. Senators were originally chosen by the Indiana General Assembly until the Seventeenth Amendment came into force in 1913.[11][12]
Of the forty-six men who have been senators from Indiana, there have been three Democratic-Republicans, three Adams Republicans (including James Noble, who was both a Democratic-Republican and Adams Republican), two Whigs, one Unionist, twenty-one Democrats, and seventeen Republicans.
Democratic (D) Democratic-Republican (DR) Jacksonian (J) National Republican (NR) Republican (R) Union (U) Whig (W)
| Class I senator | Congress | Class III senator | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| James Noble (DR) | 14th (1815–1817) | Waller Taylor (DR) | ||
| 15th (1817–1819) | ||||
| 16th (1819–1821) | ||||
| 17th (1821–1823) | ||||
| 18th (1823–1825) | ||||
| James Noble (NR)[h] | 19th (1825–1827) | William Hendricks (NR) | ||
| 20th (1827–1829) | ||||
| 21st (1829–1831) | ||||
| Robert Hanna (NR)[i] | 22nd (1831–1833) | |||
| John Tipton (J)[j] | 23rd (1833–1835) | |||
| 24th (1835–1837) | ||||
| John Tipton (D) | 25th (1837–1839) | Oliver H. Smith (W) | ||
| Albert Smith White (W) | 26th (1839–1841) | |||
| 27th (1841–1843) | ||||
| 28th (1843–1845) | Edward A. Hannegan (D) | |||
| Jesse D. Bright (D)[k] | 29th (1845–1847) | |||
| 30th (1847–1849) | ||||
| 31st (1849–1851) | James Whitcomb (D)[h] | |||
| 32nd (1851–1853) | ||||
| Charles W. Cathcart (D)[l] | ||||
| John Pettit (D)[m] | ||||
| 33rd (1853–1855) | ||||
| 34th (1855–1857) | Graham N. Fitch (D) | |||
| 35th (1857–1859) | ||||
| 36th (1859–1861) | ||||
| Joseph A. Wright (U)[n] | 37th (1861–1863) | Henry S. Lane (R) | ||
| David Turpie (D)[o] | ||||
| Thomas A. Hendricks (D) | 38th (1863–1865) | |||
| 39th (1865–1867) | ||||
| 40th (1867–1869) | Oliver P. Morton (R)[h] | |||
| Daniel D. Pratt (R) | 41st (1869–1871) | |||
| 42nd (1871–1873) | ||||
| 43rd (1873–1875) | ||||
| Joseph E. McDonald (D) | 44th (1875–1877) | |||
| 45th (1877–1879) | ||||
| Daniel W. Voorhees (D)[p] | ||||
| 46th (1879–1881) | ||||
| Benjamin Harrison (R) | 47th (1881–1883) | |||
| 48th (1883–1885) | ||||
| 49th (1885–1887) | ||||
| David Turpie (D) | 50th (1887–1889) | |||
| 51st (1889–1891) | ||||
| 52nd (1891–1893) | ||||
| 53rd (1893–1895) | ||||
| 54th (1895–1897) | ||||
| 55th (1897–1899) | Charles W. Fairbanks (R) | |||
| Albert J. Beveridge (R) | 56th (1899–1901) | |||
| 57th (1901–1903) | ||||
| 58th (1903–1905) | ||||
| 59th (1905–1907) | James A. Hemenway (R) | |||
| 60th (1907–1909) | ||||
| 61st (1909–1911) | Benjamin F. Shively (D)[h] | |||
| John W. Kern (D) | 62nd (1911–1913) | |||
| 63rd (1913–1915) | ||||
| 64th (1915–1917) | ||||
| Thomas Taggart (D)[q] | ||||
| James E. Watson (R)[r] | ||||
| Harry S. New (R) | 65th (1917–1919) | |||
| 66th (1919–1921) | ||||
| 67th (1921–1923) | ||||
| Samuel M. Ralston (D)[h] | 68th (1923–1925) | |||
| 69th (1925–1927) | ||||
| Arthur Raymond Robinson (R)[s] | ||||
| 70th (1927–1929) | ||||
| 71st (1929–1931) | ||||
| 72nd (1931–1933) | ||||
| 73rd (1933–1935) | Frederick Van Nuys (D)[h] | |||
| Sherman Minton (D) | 74th (1935–1937) | |||
| 75th (1937–1939) | ||||
| 76th (1939–1941) | ||||
| Raymond E. Willis (R) | 77th (1941–1943) | |||
| 78th (1943–1945) | Samuel D. Jackson (D)[t] | |||
| William E. Jenner (R)[u] | ||||
| 79th (1945–1947) | Homer E. Capehart (R) | |||
| William E. Jenner (R) | 80th (1947–1949) | |||
| 81st (1949–1951) | ||||
| 82nd (1951–1953) | ||||
| 83rd (1953–1955) | ||||
| 84th (1955–1957) | ||||
| 85th (1957–1959) | ||||
| Vance Hartke (D) | 86th (1959–1961) | |||
| 87th (1961–1963) | ||||
| 88th (1963–1965) | Birch Bayh (D) | |||
| 89th (1965–1967) | ||||
| 90th (1967–1969) | ||||
| 91st (1969–1971) | ||||
| 92nd (1971–1973) | ||||
| 93rd (1973–1975) | ||||
| 94th (1975–1977) | ||||
| Richard Lugar (R) | 95th (1977–1979) | |||
| 96th (1979–1981) | ||||
| 97th (1981–1983) | Dan Quayle (R)[v] | |||
| 98th (1983–1985) | ||||
| 99th (1985–1987) | ||||
| 100th (1987–1989) | ||||
| Dan Coats (R)[w] | ||||
| 101st (1989–1991) | ||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | ||||
| 103rd (1993–1995) | ||||
| 104th (1995–1997) | ||||
| 105th (1997–1999) | ||||
| 106th (1999–2001) | Evan Bayh (D) | |||
| 107th (2001–2003) | ||||
| 108th (2003–2005) | ||||
| 109th (2005–2007) | ||||
| 110th (2007–2009) | ||||
| 111th (2009–2011) | ||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | Dan Coats (R) | |||
| Joe Donnelly (D) | 113th (2013–2015) | |||
| 114th (2015–2017) | ||||
| 115th (2017–2019) | Todd Young (R) | |||
| Mike Braun (R) | 116th (2019–2021) | |||
| 117th (2021–2023) | ||||
| 118th (2023–2025) | ||||
See also
[edit]
- List of United States congressional districts
- Indiana's congressional districts
- Political party strength in Indiana
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d Died
- ^ Call won the election to fill the vacancy left by Rep. Prince's death. He started to serve on December 24, 1824.[5]
- ^ Anti-Lecompton Democrat
- ^ Rep. Williams resigned on December 1, 1876, to run for Governor of Indiana.[6]
- ^ Humphreys won the election to fill the vacancy left by Rep. Williams's resignation. He started to serve on December 5, 1876.[7]
- ^ Carr won the election to fill the vacancy left by Rep. Kerr's death. He started to serve on December 5, 1876.[8]
- ^ Posey won the election to fill the vacancy left by Rep. Hovey's death. He started to serve on January 29, 1889.[9]
- ^ a b c d e f Died.
- ^ Upon the death of senator Noble, Hanna was appointed to serve until an election could be held. He served from August 19, 1831, to January 3, 1832.[13]
- ^ Elected to fill senator's Noble term in a special election. He started to serve on December 9, 1831, and was then subsequently elected to a full term.[14]
- ^ Expelled from the Senate for supporting the Confederacy.[15]
- ^ Upon the death of senator Whitcomb, Catcart was appointed to serve until an election could be held. Cartcart served from December 6, 1852, to January 18, 1853.[16]
- ^ Elected to serve the remainder of senator Whitcomb's term. Pettit served from January 18, 1853, to March 3, 1855.[16]
- ^ Upon the expulsion of senator Bright, Wright was appointed to fill the vacancy until an election could be held and served from February 24, 1862, to January 14, 1863.[17]
- ^ Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the expulsion of senator Bright and served from January 14 to March 3, 1863.[18]
- ^ Upon the death of senator Morton, Voorhees was appointed to fill the vacancy until an election could be held. He was subsequently elected to fill the rest of the term.[19]
- ^ Upon the death of senator Shively, Taggert was appointed to fill the vacancy until an election could be held and served from March 20 to November 7, 1916. He subsequently lost the election for Shively's seat.[20]
- ^ Won the election to fill the remainder of senator Shively's term. He started to serve on November 8, 1916.[21]
- ^ Upon the death of senator Ralston, Robinson was appointed on October 20, 1925, to serve until an election could be held and subsequently won the election.[22]
- ^ Upon the death of senator Van Nuys, Jackson was appointed to fill the vacancy until an election could be held and served from January 28 to November 13, 1944.[23]
- ^ Jenner won the election to fill the vacancy left by senator Jackson's death. He started to serve on November 14, 1944.[24]
- ^ Resigned on January 3, 1989, to become the Vice President of the United States.[25]
- ^ Upon the resignation of senator Quayle, Coats was appointed on December 12, 1988, to serve until an election could be held and subsequently won the election.[26]
References
[edit]- ^ "Women Representatives and Senators by State and Territory, 1917–Present". Women in Congress. Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 16, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
- ^ "Black-American Representatives and Senators by State and Territory, 1870–Present". Black Americans in Congress. Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2008.
- ^ "Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives". clerk.house.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
- ^ "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". Cook Political Report. Retrieved 2023-01-08.
- ^ "Call, Jacob". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Williams, James Douglas". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Humphreys, Andrew". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Carr, Nathan Tracy". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Posey, Francis Blackburn". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "2022 Cook PVI: State Map and List". Cook Political Report. Retrieved 2023-01-07.
- ^ U.S. Const. Art. I, § 3
- ^ U.S. Const. Amendment XVII
- ^ "Hanna, Robert". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Tipton, John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate.
- ^ "Bright, Jesse David". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ a b "Catcart, Charles William". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Wright, Joseph Albert". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Turpie, David". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Voorhees, Daniel Wolsey". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Taggart, Thomas". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Watson, James Eli". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Robinson, Arthur Raymond". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Jackson, Samuel Dillon". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Jenner, William Ezra". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Quayle, James Danforth". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Coats, Daniel Ray". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved January 25, 2011.