Batak script
Surat Batak ᯘᯮᯒᯖ᯲ ᯅᯖᯂ᯲ | |
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Script type | |
Time period | c. 1300–present |
Direction | Left-to-right |
Languages | Batak languages |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Proto-Sinaitic alphabet
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Sister systems | Direct family relationships unclear. Sister scripts on hypothesis of common Kawi origin: Balinese Baybayin scripts Javanese Lontara Makasar Old Sundanese Rencong Rejang |
ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Batk (365), Batak |
Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Batak |
U+1BC0–U+1BFF | |
Brahmic scripts |
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The Brahmi script and its descendants |
The Batak script (natively known as Surat Batak, Surat na Sampulu Sia ("the nineteen letters"), or Sisiasia) is a writing system used to write the Austronesian Batak languages spoken by several million people on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The script may be derived from the Kawi and Pallava script, ultimately derived from the Brahmi script of India, or from the hypothetical Proto-Sumatran script influenced by Pallava.[1]
History
[edit]The Batak magicians and priests or datu used the Batak script mainly for magical texts and divinatory purposes. It is unknown how many non-specialists were literate in the Batak script, but judging from the widespread tradition of writing love laments, especially among the Karo, Simalungun, and Angkola-Mandailing Batak, it is likely that a considerable part of the non-specialist population was able to read and write the Batak script. After the arrival of Europeans in the Batak lands, first German missionaries and, from 1878 onwards, the Dutch, the Batak script was, alongside the Roman script, taught in the schools, and teaching and religious materials were printed in the Batak script. Soon after the first World War the missionaries decided to discontinue printing books in the Batak script.[2] The script soon fell out of use and is now only used for ornamental purposes.
Origin
[edit]The Batak script was probably derived from Pallava and Old Kawi scripts, which ultimately were derived from the Brahmi script, the root of almost all the Indic and Southeast Asian scripts.
Structure
[edit]Batak is written from left to right and top to bottom. Like all Brahmi-based scripts, each consonant has an inherent vowel of /a/, unless there is a diacritic (in Toba Batak called pangolat) to indicate the lack of a vowel. Other vowels, final ŋ, and final velar fricative [x] are indicated by diacritics, which appear above, below, or after the letter. For example, ba is written ba (one letter); bi is written ba.i (i follows the consonant); bang is written baŋ (ŋ is above the consonant); and bing is baŋ.i. Final consonants are written with the pangolat (here represented by "#"): bam is ba.ma.#. However, bim is written ba.ma.i.#: the first diacritic belongs to the first consonant, and the second belongs to the second consonant, but both are written at the end of the entire syllable. Unlike most Brahmi-based scripts, Batak does not form consonant conjuncts.
Basic characters
[edit]The basic characters are called surat. Each consonant has an inherent vowel of /a/. The script varies by region and language. The major variants are between Karo, Mandailing, Pakpak/Dairi, Simalungun/Timur, and Toba:
Surat (Basic characters) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
IPA | a | ha | ka | ba | pa | na | wa | ga | dʒa | da | ra | ma | ta | sa | ja | ŋa | la | ɲa | tʃa | nda | mba | i | u |
Transcription | a | ha | ka | ba | pa | na | wa | ga | ja | da | ra | ma | ta | sa | ya | nga | la | nya | ca | nda | mba | i | u |
Karo | 1 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Mandailing | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pakpak | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Toba | 2 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Simalungun | 6 |
Alternate forms:
^1 (used in Mandailing)
^2
^3
^4
^5
^6
Diacritics
[edit]Diacritics are used to change the pronunciation of a character. They can change the vowel from the inherent /a/, mark a final [velar nasal] /ŋ/, mark a final velar fricative /x/, or indicate a final consonant with no vowel:
Latin Trans. |
Batak Diacritics | Latin Trans. |
Batak Diacritics with /ka/ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karo | Mand. | Pakp. | Sima. | Toba | Karo | Mand. | Pakp. | Sima. | Toba | ||
-a | ka | ||||||||||
-e | ke | ||||||||||
-i | ki | ||||||||||
-o | ko | ||||||||||
-ou | kou | ||||||||||
-u | ku | ||||||||||
-ng | kang | ||||||||||
-h | kah | ||||||||||
– | k |
Ligatures with U
[edit]The diacritic for U used by Mandailing, Pakpak, Simalungun, and Toba can form ligatures with its base character:
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|
Tompi
[edit]In Mandailing, the diacritic tompi can be used to change the sound of some characters:
ha | tompi | ka | sa | tompi | ca |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Placement of diacritics for Ng and H
[edit]The diacritics for Ng () and H () are usually written above spacing vowel diacritics instead of above the base character.
Examples: ping, pong, peh, and pih.
Diacritic reordering for closed syllables
[edit]Vowel diacritics are reordered for closed syllables (that is, syllables where the final consonant has no vowel). Consonants with no vowel are marked by the Batak pangolat or panongonan diacritic, depending on the language. When they are used for a closed syllable (like "tip"), both the vowel diacritic and the pangolat or panongonan are written at the end of the syllable.
Examples of closed syllables using pangolat:
ta | vowel | pa | pangolat | syllable |
---|---|---|---|---|
Punctuation and ornaments
[edit]Batak is normally written without spaces or punctuation (as scriptio continua). However, special marks or bindu are occasionally used. They vary greatly in size and design from manuscript to manuscript.
Examples | Name | Function |
---|---|---|
Bindu na metek (small bindu) | Begins paragraphs and stanzas | |
Bindu panarboras (rice-shaped bindu) | ||
Bindu judul (title bindu) | Separates a title from the body of the text | |
Bindu pangolat | Trailing punctuation |
Unicode
[edit]Batak script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 2010 with the release of version 6.0.
Block
[edit]The Unicode block for Batak is U+1BC0–U+1BFF:
Batak[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+1BCx | ᯀ | ᯁ | ᯂ | ᯃ | ᯄ | ᯅ | ᯆ | ᯇ | ᯈ | ᯉ | ᯊ | ᯋ | ᯌ | ᯍ | ᯎ | ᯏ |
U+1BDx | ᯐ | ᯑ | ᯒ | ᯓ | ᯔ | ᯕ | ᯖ | ᯗ | ᯘ | ᯙ | ᯚ | ᯛ | ᯜ | ᯝ | ᯞ | ᯟ |
U+1BEx | ᯠ | ᯡ | ᯢ | ᯣ | ᯤ | ᯥ | ᯦ | ᯧ | ᯨ | ᯩ | ᯪ | ᯫ | ᯬ | ᯭ | ᯮ | ᯯ |
U+1BFx | ᯰ | ᯱ | ᯲ | ᯳ | ᯼ | ᯽ | ᯾ | ᯿ | ||||||||
Notes |
Gallery
[edit]-
Batak book about the art of divination from a rooster (Robert C. Williams Paper Museum in Atlanta, Georgia, USA)
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Batak script carved into a bamboo tube with wooden stopper (Museum of the Tropics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
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Bamboo inscribed with Simalungun Batak script (National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden, The Netherlands)
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Batak palm leaf book (Museum of the Tropics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
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Book of formulas, recipes, and rules applied by Batak priests (Museum of the Tropics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
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Magic book used by priests of the Toba Batak tribe (National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden, The Netherlands)
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Manuscript in Batak Toba language, central Sumatra, early 1800s. (Robert C. Williams Paper Museum in Atlanta, Georgia, USA)
See also
[edit]- Sitopayan I inscription, 13th century usage of mixed Malay and Batak scripts
Citations
[edit]- ^ Uli Kozok. "Sejarah Aksara Batak". Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ Kozok 2009:168.
Sources
[edit]- Kozok, Uli (January 2009). Surat Batak: Sejarah Perkembangan Tulisan Batak : Berikut Pedoman Menulis Aksara Batak Dan Cap Si Singamangaraja XII (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia. ISBN 978-979-9101-53-2.
- Everson, Michael; Kozok, Uli (7 October 2008), N3320R: Proposal for encoding the Batak script in the UCS (PDF)
- Kozok, Uli. "Kursus Kilat Aksara Batak (Quick Course in Batak Script)" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 31 October 2002. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
External links
[edit]- Entry on Batak at Omniglot.com – A guide to writing systems
- Transtoba2 – Roman to Toba Batak script transliteration software by Uli Kozok and Leander Seige (GNU GPL)
- Full Batak manuscript at SOAS University of London.