Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (January 2015) |
Names | Pioneer Venus 2 Pioneer 13 |
---|---|
Mission type | Venus atmospheric probes |
Operator | NASA / Ames |
COSPAR ID | 1978-078A |
SATCAT no. | 11001 |
Website | science.nasa.gov |
Mission duration | 4 months and 1 day |
Spacecraft properties | |
Bus | HS-507 |
Manufacturer | Hughes |
Launch mass | 904 kilograms (1,993 lb)[1] |
Dry mass | 290 kilograms (640 lb) (bus) 315 kilograms (694 lb) (large probe) 3 x 90 kilograms (200 lb) (small probes) |
Power | 241 W |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | August 8, 1978, 07:33[1] | UTC
Rocket | Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR (AC-51) |
Launch site | Cape Canaveral LC-36A |
End of mission | |
Last contact | December 9, 1978, 20:22:55 UTC (main bus) December 9, 1978, 20:55:34 UTC (Day probe) |
Orbital parameters | |
Reference system | Heliocentric |
Semi-major axis | 0.9 astronomical units (130,000,000 km; 84,000,000 mi) |
Eccentricity | 0.19 |
Perihelion altitude | 0.69 astronomical units (103,000,000 km; 64,000,000 mi) |
Aphelion altitude | 1.01 astronomical units (151,000,000 km; 94,000,000 mi) |
Inclination | 2.3 degrees |
Period | 284.0 days |
Venus atmospheric probe | |
Spacecraft component | Large Probe |
Atmospheric entry | December 9, 1978, 18:45:32 UTC |
Impact date | 19:39:53 UTC |
Impact site | 4°24′N 304°00′E / 4.4°N 304.0°E |
Venus atmospheric probe | |
Spacecraft component | North Probe |
Atmospheric entry | December 9, 1978, 18:49:40 UTC |
Impact date | 19:42:40 UTC |
Impact site | 59°18′N 4°48′E / 59.3°N 4.8°E |
Venus atmospheric probe | |
Spacecraft component | Day Probe |
Atmospheric entry | December 9, 1978, 18:52:18 UTC |
Impact date | 19:47:59 UTC |
Impact site | 31°18′S 317°00′E / 31.3°S 317.0°E |
Venus atmospheric probe | |
Spacecraft component | Night Probe |
Atmospheric entry | December 9, 1978, 18:56:13 UTC |
Impact date | 19:52:05 UTC |
Impact site | 28°42′S 56°42′E / 28.7°S 56.7°E |
Venus atmospheric probe | |
Spacecraft component | Main bus |
Atmospheric entry | December 9, 1978, 20:21:52 UTC |
The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe, also known as Pioneer Venus 2 or Pioneer 13, was a spacecraft launched in 1978 to explore Venus as part of NASA's Pioneer program. This part of the mission included a spacecraft bus which was launched from Earth. The bus carried one large and three smaller probes, which, after separating, each penetrated the Venusian atmosphere at a different location, returning data as they descended into the planet's thick atmosphere. The entries occurred on December 9, 1978.
In context
[edit]There was also an orbiter launched in 1978, part of the overall Pioneer Venus project along with this entry probe mission. Whereas the probes entered the atmosphere in 1978, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter would stay in orbit throughout the 1980s and the early 1990s. The next major mission was the Magellan spacecraft, which was an orbiter capable of mapping Venus by seeing through its opaque clouds with radar.
Spacecraft
[edit]The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe bus was constructed by the Hughes Aircraft Company, built around the HS-507 bus. It was cylindrical in shape, with a diameter of 2.5 meters (8 ft 2 in) and a mass of 290 kilograms (640 lb). Unlike the probes, which did not begin making direct measurements until they had decelerated lower in the atmosphere, the bus returned data on Venus' upper atmosphere.
The bus was targeted to enter the Venusian atmosphere at a shallow entry angle and transmit data until destruction by the heat of atmospheric friction. The objective was to study the structure and composition of the atmosphere down to the surface, the nature and composition of the clouds, the radiation field and energy exchange in the lower atmosphere, and local information on atmospheric circulation patterns. With no heat shield or parachute, the bus made upper atmospheric measurements with two instruments:
- BIMS – an ion mass spectrometer to determine the origin and long-term development of the Venusian atmosphere, the dynamics of the upper atmosphere layers, its energy balance and the effect of solar radiation and interplanetary space on those layers. This instrument had a range of 1 to 46 u, used 6 W of power and weighed 5 kilograms (11 lb).
- BNMS – a neutral mass spectrometer. This made measurements of the interaction between the solar wind and Venus, the photochemistry of the upper layers of and heat distribution in the Venusian atmosphere. It had a range of 1 to 60 u, weighed 1 kilogram (2.2 lb), and used ~1 W of power.
The spacecraft operated down to an altitude of about 110 kilometres (68 mi) before disintegrating.
Probes
[edit]The spacecraft carried one large and three small atmospheric probes, designed by Senior Scientist and Program Manager Irwin Baker of Hughes Aircraft Company, to collect data as they descended into the atmosphere of Venus. The probes did not carry photographic instruments, and were not designed to survive landing – the smaller probes were not equipped with parachutes, and the larger probe's parachute was expected to detach as it neared the ground. All four probes continued transmitting data until impact; however, one survived and continued to transmit data from the surface.
Large probe
[edit]The large probe carried seven experiments, contained within a sealed spherical pressure vessel. The science experiments were:
- LNMS – neutral mass spectrometer to measure the atmospheric composition
- LGC – gas chromatograph to measure the atmospheric composition
- LSFR – solar flux radiometer to measure solar flux penetration in the atmosphere
- LIR – infrared radiometer to measure distribution of infrared radiation
- LCPS – cloud particle size spectrometer to measure particle size and shape
- LN – nephelometer to search for cloud particles
- temperature, pressure, and acceleration sensors
This pressure vessel was encased in a nose cone and aft protective cover. After deceleration from initial atmospheric entry at about 11.5 kilometers per second (7.1 mi/s) near the equator on the night side of Venus, a parachute was deployed at 67 kilometres (42 mi) altitude. The large probe was about 150 centimeters (59 in) in diameter and the pressure vessel itself was 73.2 centimeters (28.8 in) in diameter.
Small probes
[edit]Three identical small probes, around 0.8 meters (2 ft 7 in) in diameter, were deployed. These probes consisted of spherical pressure vessels surrounded by an aeroshell, but unlike the large probe, they had no parachutes and the aeroshells did not separate from the probes.
The science experiments were:[2]
- a neutral mass spectrometer to measure the atmospheric composition
- a gas chromatograph to measure the atmospheric composition
- SNFR – solar flux radiometer to measure solar flux penetration in the atmosphere
- an infrared radiometer to measure distribution of infrared radiation
- MTUR – cloud particle size spectrometer to measure particle size and shape
- SN – nephelometer to search for cloud particles
- SAS – temperature, pressure, and acceleration sensors
The radio signals from all four probes were also used to characterize the winds, turbulence, and propagation in the atmosphere. The small probes were each targeted at different parts of the planet and were named accordingly.[3]
- The North probe entered the atmosphere at about 60 degrees north latitude on the day side.
- The Night probe entered on the night side.
- The Day probe entered well into the day side, and was the only one of the four probes which continued to send radio signals back after impact, for over an hour.
Launch
[edit]The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe was launched by an Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR rocket, which flew from Launch Complex 36A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch occurred at 07:33 on August 8, 1978, and deployed the Multiprobe into heliocentric orbit for its coast to Venus.
Arrival at Venus
[edit]Prior to the Multiprobe reaching Venus, the four probes were deployed from the main bus. The large probe was released on November 16, 1978, and the three small probes on November 20.
All four probes and the bus reached Venus on December 9, 1978. The large probe was the first to enter the atmosphere, at 18:45:32 UTC, followed over the next 11 minutes by the other three probes. The bus entered the atmosphere at 20:21:52 UTC and returned its last signal at 20:22:55 from an altitude of 110 kilometres (68 mi).
The four probes transmitted data until they impacted the surface of Venus. The Day Probe survived the impact, returning data from the surface for 67 minutes and 37 seconds after reaching the surface.[4]
Entry time (200 km) | Impact time | Loss of signal | Impact coordinates | Solar Zenith Angle | Local Venus time | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Large Probe | 18:45:32 | 19:39:53 | 19:39:53 | 4°24′N 304°00′E / 4.4°N 304.0°E | 65.7 | 7:38 |
North Probe | 18:49:40 | 19:42:40 | 19:42:40 | 59°18′N 4°48′E / 59.3°N 4.8°E |
108.0 | 3:35 |
Day Probe | 18:52:18 | 19:47:59 | 20:55:34 | 31°18′S 317°00′E / 31.3°S 317.0°E |
79.9 | 6:46 |
Night Probe | 18:56:13 | 19:52:05 | 19:52:07 | 28°42′S 56°42′E / 28.7°S 56.7°E | 150.7 | 0:07 |
Bus | 20:21:52 | (signal lost at 110 km altitude) | 20:22:55 | 37°54′S 290°54′E / 37.9°S 290.9°E (estimated) | 60.7 | 8:30 |
Scientific results
[edit]Below an altitude of 50 kilometres (31 mi) the temperatures measured by the four probes were identical to within a few degrees, between 448 and 459 °C (838 and 858 °F) on the surface; the ground pressure, between 86.2 and 94.5 bars (8,620 and 9,450 kPa). Nephelometers identified three cloud layers with different characteristics. The most remarkable discovery was that the ratio of 36argon / 40argon isotopes was much higher than in the Earth's atmosphere, which seems to indicate that the genesis of the Venusian atmosphere is very different from that of Earth's. The reconstituted trajectory of the atmospheric probes determined that the wind averaged 200 metres per second (660 ft/s) in the middle cloud layer, 50 metres per second (160 ft/s) at the base of these clouds and just 1 metre per second (3.3 ft/s) on the ground. Overall data from airborne sensors confirmed and refined the data obtained by the Soviet Venera program that preceded the American mission to Venus.[5]
Trajectory
[edit]Diagram of the PVM's path to planet Venus from Earth in 1978, and this also notes the launch of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter which took place that year also.
Graphic overview
[edit]See also
[edit]- Pioneer Venus Orbiter
- DAVINCI, upcoming Venus atmospheric probe scheduled to arrive in 2034
- List of missions to Venus
- Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
- Galileo Probe (Jupiter atmospheric probe delivered by Galileo spacecraft)
- List of spacecraft powered by non-rechargeable batteries
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Pioneer Venus Multiprobe/Pioneer Venus 2/Pioneer 13". NASA's Solar System Exploration website. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
- ^ "Pioneer Venus Project Information". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
- ^ a b Pioneer Venus Probes. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 2005.
- ^ NASA. Pioneer Venus 2, NASA Science: Solar System Exploration, February 3, 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^ Paolo Ulivi et David M. Harland, Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part 1, The Golden Age 1957–1982, Springer Praxis, 2007 (ISBN 978-0-387-49326-8)
Bibliography
[edit]This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (November 2022) |
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- Taylor, F. W.; Diner, D. J.; Elson, L. S.; McCleese, D. J.; Martonchik, J. V.; Delderfield, J.; Bradley, S. P.; Schofield, J. T.; Gille, J. C.; Coffey, M. T. (6 July 1979). "Temperature, Cloud Structure, and Dynamics of Venus Middle Atmosphere by Infrared Remote Sensing from Pioneer Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 65–67. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...65T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.65. JSTOR 1748517. PMID 17778904. S2CID 2023608.
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- Travis, L. D.; Coffeen, D. L.; Del Genio, A. D.; Hansen, J. E.; Kawabata, K.; Lacis, A. A.; Lane, W. A.; Limaye, S. S.; Rossow, W. B.; Stone, P. H. (6 July 1979). "Cloud Images from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 74–76. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...74T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.74. JSTOR 1748520. PMID 17778907. S2CID 43906539.
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- Tomasko, Martin G.; Doose, Lyn R.; Smith, Peter H. (6 July 1979). "Absorption of Sunlight in the Atmosphere of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 80–82. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...80T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.80. hdl:2060/19830010359. JSTOR 1748522. PMID 17778909. S2CID 35649934.
- Suomi, V. E.; Sromovsky, L. A.; Revercomb, H. E. (6 July 1979). "Preliminary Results of the Pioneer Venus Small Probe Net Flux Radiometer Experiment". Science. 205 (4401): 82–85. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...82S. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.82. JSTOR 1748523. PMID 17778910. S2CID 22181310.
- Counselman, C. C.; Gourevitch, S. A.; King, R. W.; Loriot, G. B.; Prinn, R. G. (6 July 1979). "Venus Winds Are Zonal and Retrograde Below the Clouds". Science. 205 (4401): 85–87. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...85C. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.85. JSTOR 1748524. PMID 17778911. S2CID 39737494.
- Woo, Richard; Armstrong, J. W.; Kendall, William B. (6 July 1979). "Measurements of Turbulence in the Venus Atmosphere Deduced from Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Radio Scintillations". Science. 205 (4401): 87–89. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...87W. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.87. JSTOR 1748525. PMID 17778912. S2CID 10233431.
- Pettengill, Gordon H.; Ford, Peter G.; Brown, Walter E.; Kaula, William M.; Masursky, Harold; Eliason, Eric; McGill, George E. (6 July 1979). "Venus: Preliminary Topographic and Surface Imaging Results from the Pioneer Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 90–93. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...90P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.90. JSTOR 1748526. PMID 17778913. S2CID 12582229.
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- Knudsen, W. C.; Spenner, K.; Whitten, R. C.; Spreiter, J. R.; Miller, K. L.; Novak, V. (6 July 1979). "Thermal Structure and Energy Influx to the Day- and Nightside Venus Ionosphere". Science. 205 (4401): 105–107. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..105K. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.105. JSTOR 1748531. PMID 17778918. S2CID 26084728.
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- Bauer, Siegfried J.; Donahue, Thomas M.; Hartle, Richard E.; Taylor, Harry A. (6 July 1979). "Venus Ionosphere: Photochemical and Thermal Diffusion Control of Ion Composition". Science. 205 (4401): 109–112. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..109B. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.109. JSTOR 1748533. PMID 17778920. S2CID 32579568.
- Taylor, W. W. L.; Scarf, F. L.; Russell, C. T.; Brace, L. H. (6 July 1979). "Absorption of Whistler Mode Waves in the Ionosphere of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 112–114. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..112T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.112. JSTOR 1748534. PMID 17778921. S2CID 45428203.
- Russell, C. T.; Elphic, R. C.; Slavin, J. A. (6 July 1979). "Initial Pioneer Venus Magnetic Field Results: Nightside Observations". Science. 205 (4401): 114–116. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..114R. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.114. JSTOR 1748535. PMID 17778922. S2CID 24494352.
- Intriligator, D. S.; Collard, H. R.; Mihalov, J. D.; Whitten, R. C.; Wolfe, J. H. (6 July 1979). "Electron Observations and Ion Flows from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Plasma Analyzer Experiment". Science. 205 (4401): 116–119. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..116I. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.116. JSTOR 1748536. PMID 17778923. S2CID 42935022.
- Evans, W. D.; Glore, J. P.; Klebesadel, R. W.; Laros, J. G.; Tech, E. R.; Spalding, R. E. (6 July 1979). "Gamma-Ray Burst Observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 119–121. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..119E. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.119. JSTOR 1748537. PMID 17778924. S2CID 38916824.
External links
[edit]- NASA: Pioneer Venus Project Information
- Pioneer Venus Program Page by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- NSSDC Master Catalog: Spacecraft Pioneer Venus Probe Bus. (Other components of the mission have their own pages at this site too.)