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Groote Eylandt

Coordinates: 13°58′S 136°35′E / 13.967°S 136.583°E / -13.967; 136.583
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Groote Eylandt
Native name:
Ayangkidarrba
Groote Eylandt from space, November 1989
Groote Eylandt is located in Northern Territory
Groote Eylandt
Groote Eylandt
Groote Eylandt is located in Australia
Groote Eylandt
Groote Eylandt
EtymologyFrom the Dutch for "Large Island home to Zarah"
Geography
LocationGulf of Carpentaria
Coordinates13°58′S 136°35′E / 13.967°S 136.583°E / -13.967; 136.583
Area2,326.1 km2 (898.1 sq mi)
Length50 km (31 mi)
Width60 km (37 mi)
Highest elevation219 m (719 ft)
Highest pointCentral Hill
Administration
Australia
TerritoryNorthern Territory
RegionEast Arnhem Region/
unincorporated Alyangula
WardAnindilyakwa Ward/
unincorporated Alyangula
Largest settlementAlyangula (pop. 966)
Demographics
Population2,811[1] (2016 census)
Pop. density1.21/km2 (3.13/sq mi)
Ethnic groupsWarnindhilyagwa, European Australians

Groote Eylandt (Anindilyakwa: Ayangkidarrba; meaning "island" /ˈɡruːtˌaɪlənd/[2]) is the largest island in the Gulf of Carpentaria and the fourth largest island in Australia. It was named by the explorer Abel Tasman in 1644 and is Dutch for "Large Island" in archaic spelling. The modern Dutch spelling is Groot Eiland.

The original inhabitants of Groote Eylandt are the Anindilyakwa, an Aboriginal Australian people, who speak the Anindilyakwa language (also known as Amamalya Ayakwa). They consist of 14 clan groups which make up the two moieties on the island. The clans maintain their traditions and have strong ties with the people in the community of Numbulwar and on Bickerton Island. The island's population was 2,811 in the 2016 census.

There are four communities on Groote Eylandt. The mining company GEMCO established the township of Alyangula for its workers.[3] The three main Aboriginal communities are Angurugu and Umbakumba, and Milyakburra on Bickerton Island. There are also a number of outstations on the island.[4]

The Anindilyakwa Land Council is one of four land councils in the Northern Territory. It is a representative body with statutory authority under the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 and has responsibilities under the Native Title Act 1993 and the Pastoral Land Act 1992.

Geography

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Groote Eylandt lies about 50 kilometres (25 nautical miles) offshore from the Northern Territory mainland (i.e. the east coast of Arnhem Land), about 630 kilometres (390 mi) from Darwin, opposite Blue Mud Bay. The island measures about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from east to west and 60 kilometres (37 mi) from north to south; its area is 2,326.1 km2 (898.1 sq mi). It is generally quite low-lying, with an average height above sea level of 15 metres (49 ft), although Central Hill reaches an elevation of 219 metres (719 ft).

Politics and administration

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Electorates

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Groote Eylandt is part of the federal electorate of Lingiari,[5] for which the current member is Marion Scrymgour,[6] who replaced the inaugural member Warren Snowdon[7] at the 2022 Australian federal election. The island is within the Northern Territory electoral division of Arnhem. The current member for Arnhem is Labor Party member Selena Uibo,[8] whose mother is a Nunggubuyu and Anindilyakwa woman.

Local government

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With Bickerton Island and a few smaller satellite islands, Groote Eylandt forms Anindilyakwa Ward of East Arnhem Region. It contains the communities of Angurugu, Alyangula, Umbakumba, Yadagba District, Uburamudja District and Sandy Hill (Groote Eylandt) and Milyakburra District (Bickerton Island).[9]

Outside the local government, subdivision is the mining company GEMCO town of Alyangula, an unincorporated territory within the Northern Region of Northern Territory.

Environment

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The whole of Groote Eylandt and its surrounding waters lie within the Anindilyakwa Indigenous Protected Area. BirdLife International has classified an unnamed islet off the north-eastern coast as an important bird area because of its global importance as a roseate tern breeding site.[10]

Groote Eylandt has a variety of habitats: dense stands on monsoon forests rising behind coastal sand dunes, alternating with mangrove and mudflats. Sandstone outcrops and laterite provide excellent niches for shellfish.[11]

Fauna

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The island hosts 27 species of native mammal, making it the third most mammal diverse Australian island after Melville Island and Tasmania.[12]

Fishing

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Until recently, the island had been open to the public only with permission, and the local Aboriginal Land Council did not encourage tourism. There is now a resort-style hotel on the island, and visitors are welcome. The island is becoming renowned for its fine Aboriginal rock art sites, arts and crafts and outstanding sport-fishing, including sailfish, marlin, tuna, Spanish mackerel, giant trevally, queenfish, and coral trout.[13]

History

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Warnindhilyagwa men and boys in a bush shelter on Groote Eylandt, 1933

Traditional owners

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The traditional owners of Groote Eylandt, the Anindilyakwa people, have 14 clan groups, which make up the two moieties on Groote Eylandt. The Anindilyakwa people have inhabited the island for thousands of years. The clans maintain their traditions and have strong ties with the people in the community of Numbulwar and on Bickerton Island.

In 1856, the Jurambunga tribe, a local aboriginal conglomerate would regularly pass the island.

Macassan traders

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There had been regular contact between local Aboriginal people and Macassan traders who would visit the area searching for trepang from around the early to mid-1700s. They introduced culinary delights such as tamarinds, chilli and beer. The trade continued until the Australian Government introduced the White Australia Policy in 1906.

There is still evidence of the Macassans, such as the wild tamarind trees, which the traders introduced to the area. Some Groote Eylandt settlements, such as Umbakumba, can trace their names back to Macassan origin.[14][15]

Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD)

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The first recorded European sighting of Groote Eylandt was in 1623, by the Dutch ship Arnhem, under Willem van Coolsteerdt. However, the relative prevalence of the hereditary Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD) in the Groote Eylandt community (a condition otherwise mainly found in the Azores) was previously suggested as evidence of early contact with Portuguese sailors. (Contact with Chinese traders has also been suggested as a cause.[16]) Recent genetic studies showed that the Groote Eylandt families with MJD shared a haplogroup with some families from Taiwanese, Indian, and Japanese families.[17]

European Colonisation

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Church Mission Society

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The first European settlement on the island was a Christian mission established by the Church Missionary Society at Emerald River in 1921. In 1943, after a cyclone swept through the mission, CMS decided to move the settlement south of the Angurugu River. The local Anindilyakwa people called the chosen location "Mungwardinamanja". However, as it was difficult for the European missionaries to pronounce, the local Anindilyakwa men guiding them chose the name of the Angurugu River mouth "Angurrkwa", which was later Anglicised to Angurugu.[18]

Umbakumba

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Mr Fred H. Gray, a pearl and trepang trader, established the Umbakumba Native Settlement on an old Macassan trading post in 1938. The place-name itself Umbakumba comes from the Malay word ombak-ombak, which means ‘lapping of waves’. He used the settlement as a base for trepanging and employed many of the Aboriginal locals during the 20s and 30s.

World War II

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During World War II, in 1943, the mission moved to Angurugu, as the RAAF required the use of the mission's airstrip: the ruins of the RAAF base are still evident today. Qantas used the island as a flying boat base.

Following the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976, Groote Eylandt was converted to Aboriginal freehold title land. In 1979, control of the island was transferred to the local Aboriginal Town Council.

Manganese mining

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Manganese refinery at Groote Eylandt, date unknown

Groote Eylandt Mining Company

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The majority of Australia's manganese reserves are located on the western side of Groote Eylandt and the deposits there comprise oolitic and pisolitic sedimentary manganese and sit within the Cretaceous Carpentaria Basin.[19][20] Special mining leases were granted to the Groote Eylandt Mining Company (GEMCO) and it has been in operation since 25 July 1964 near the community of Angurugu and, as a part of its establishment, the town of Alyangula was built as a residence for mine workers in the late 1960s.[3] GEMCO it is a wholly-owned subsidiary of BHP but has become a part of South32 since 18 May 2015.[21][20]

The mine produces more than 3.8 million tonnes (8.4 billion pounds) annually – about a quarter of the world's total and, as of June 2023, it has produced more than 147 million tonnes (320 billion pounds) of manganese ore and concentrate.[22][20]

Concerns have been raised by many community members that this mining, and the resulting dust, posed a significant risk to their health and monitoring has been in place since 2017; South32 does not dispute these readings or provide its own monitoring data.[23] The World Health Organization advised that breathing even low levels of manganese can damage brain functions relating to dexterity and also damage respiratory and reproductive systems.[24] To investigate the possible impacts on humans studies are being undertaken at the University of Queensland.[25][26]

Sylvia Tkac, an Anindilyakwa woman,[27] who used to work at the mine said of it:[23]

We are worried about the future of our children, so we'd like them to do more testing and we'd like to know what positive programs they can put in place to stop this dust.

— Sylvia Tkac, as quoted in ABC News article in 2023

Studies have also taken place looking at the impacts on the ecosystem; this includes specific studies looking at the impact of northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) living in the area.[28][29][30]

Mining rights are renewed every 21 years, with operations expected to continue until at least 2027.[22]

In March 2024 a carrier of the manganese ore, MV Anikitos, caused significant damage to the mines port during Cyclone Megan; this did not lead to a fuel leak but did, temporarily, halt production.[31]

Winchelsea Mining

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In 2019 Wichelsea Mining was granted an exploration license covering part of Winchelsea Island (Akwamburrkba), which is off the northwestern coast of Groote Eylandt. This company is a joint venture between the Anindilyakwa Advancement Aboriginal Corporation (AAAC) and AUS China International Mining and, in December 2020, they applied for a stage open cut mine plan and in 2024 they completed works on accommodation at the site.[20][32][33]

This mine is part of a strategy to make the residents of Groote Eylandt economically independent and Anindilyakwa Land Council chair, Tony Wurramarrba, says of it:[34]

Nobody would have thought it possible for Traditional Owners to mine their own land in an environmentally, well-managed way. But that’s what we’re going to do. It will create the wealth for us to be able to stand on our own feet.

— Tony Wurramarrba, The Story of Winchelsea and Its People, Winchelsea Mining

Present-day

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On 20 May 2008, the federal government signed a deal with local Aboriginal people from Groote Eylandt to lease land to the government for 40 years. In return, the government will spend money in the community to improve housing, education, and health in the area.[35]

Notable people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Anindilyakwa (SA2) (702041062)". stat.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  2. ^ Wells, J.C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Pearson Longman. ISBN 9781405881173.
  3. ^ a b "Groote Eylandt and Bickerton Island Regional Partnership Agreement: Progress Evaluation" (PDF). Department of Social Services. Commonwealth of Australia. May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  4. ^ "Communities". Anindilyakwa Land Council. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  5. ^ "Map of Commonwealth Electoral Division of Lingiari" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
  6. ^ "House of Representatives division information". Australian Electoral Commission. Canberra. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  7. ^ "The Hon Warren Snowdon MP". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  8. ^ Government, Northern Territory (22 November 2021). "Hon Selena Uibo". parliament.nt.gov.au. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  9. ^ APH.gov.au Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ BirdLife International. (2011). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Islet off NE Grooyte Eylandt. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 2011-07-13.
  11. ^ Waddy 1986, p. 149.
  12. ^ "Biodiversity conservation on the Tiwi Islands, Northern Territory. Fauna" (PDF). Tiwi Land Council. June 2003. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  13. ^ "Groote Eylandt Fish". www.grootefishing.com.au. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  14. ^ Cooper, D. "Name change for school", Ayakwa, June/July 2012, p. 19.
  15. ^ Van Egmond, M-E. (2012). "Enindhilyakwa phonology, morphosyntax and genetic position." Doctoral thesis. University of Sydney. pp. 314–70.
  16. ^ Palin, Megan (10 November 2016). "'Cruel, deadly disease' on idyllic Aussie island: 'Now we're seeing teens in wheelchairs'". News.com.au.
  17. ^ Martins, Sandra & Bing-Wen Soong (2012). "Mutational Origin of Machado-Joseph Disease in the Australian Aboriginal Communities of Groote Eylandt and Yirrkala". Archives of Neurology. 69 (6): 746–751. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.2504. PMID 22351852.
  18. ^ Rademaker, Laura. "Language and Australian Aboriginal History; Anindilyakwa and English on Groote Eylandt" (PDF). Australian National University: 6.
  19. ^ Langkamp, Peter John (1978). Studies on the rehabilitation of mined areas on Groote Eylandt (Northern Territory). University of Melbourne.
  20. ^ a b c d Government, Northern Territory (26 March 2024). "Manganese". Resourcing the Territory. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  21. ^ Admission to Official List Australian Securities Exchange 18 May 2015
  22. ^ a b McCulloch 2016.
  23. ^ a b "This Australian island is constantly covered in a fine layer of dust. Now locals want answers". ABC News. 14 February 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  24. ^ "Concerning levels of heavy metals found in Indigenous people living beside world's biggest manganese-producing mine". ABC News. 6 December 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  25. ^ "How is exposure to manganese on Groote Eylandt associated with motor control and cognitive function in school-aged children? - UQ Researchers". researchers.uq.edu.au. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  26. ^ "How does naturally occurring manganese affect the physiology, genetics and health of organisms on Groote Eylandt - UQ Researchers". researchers.uq.edu.au. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  27. ^ "Wikitongues | Sylvia Tkac". Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  28. ^ Amir Abdul Nasir, Ami Fadhillah; Cameron, Skye F.; von Hippel, Frank A.; Postlethwait, John; Niehaus, Amanda C.; Blomberg, Simon; Wilson, Robbie S. (1 February 2018). "Manganese accumulates in the brain of northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) living near an active mine". Environmental Pollution. 233: 377–386. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.088. ISSN 0269-7491.
  29. ^ Amir Abdul Nasir, Ami F.; Niehaus, Amanda C.; Cameron, Skye F.; Ujvari, Beata; Madsen, Thomas; von Hippel, Frank A.; Gao, Sisi; Dillon, Danielle M.; Buck, C. Loren; Charters, Jordan; Heiniger, Jaime; Blomberg, Simone; Wilson, Robbie S. (January 2024). "Manganese Exacerbates Seasonal Health Declines in a Suicidally Breeding Mammal". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 43 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1002/etc.5753. ISSN 0730-7268.
  30. ^ Amir Abdul Nasir, Ami Fadhillah; Cameron, Skye F.; Niehaus, Amanda C.; Clemente, Christofer J.; von Hippel, Frank A.; Wilson, Robbie S. (1 October 2018). "Manganese contamination affects the motor performance of wild northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus)". Environmental Pollution. 241: 55–62. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.087. ISSN 0269-7491.
  31. ^ "Bulk carrier smashes into remote port during cyclone". ABC News. 19 March 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  32. ^ "Winchelsea Mining". Winchelsea Mining. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  33. ^ Government, Northern Territory (23 April 2024). "Winchelsea Island Manganese Mine Project". ntepa.nt.gov.au. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  34. ^ "The Story of Winchelsea and Its People". Winchelsea Mining. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  35. ^ "Groote Eylandt Regional Partnership Agreement (RPA) (Stage 1)". Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements Project. University of Melbourne. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  36. ^ "Nick Kenny lands on Groote Eylandt" (PDF). Eylandt Echo. 15 February 2011. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.

Works cited

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