1938 in science

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The year 1938 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

June 28 – A 450-ton meteorite strikes the Earth in an empty field near Chicora, Pennsylvania, United States.

Biology

December 22 – Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer discovers a Coelacanth, formerly seen only in fossils millions of years old, in a fisherman's catch in South Africa.
Last known (captive) specimen of Schomburgk's deer is killed.^[1]
Bawden and Pirie publish the first crystal of a spherical virus, Tomato bushy stunt virus.^[2]

Chemistry

April 6 – Roy J. Plunkett of DuPont accidentally discovers polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon).
September 20 – The first patents for nylon (first synthesized in 1935) are granted in the name of Wallace Carothers to DuPont.^[3] The first items produced in the new material are toothbrush bristles.
November 16 – Lysergic acid diethylamide is first synthesized by Albert Hofmann from ergotamine at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel.^[4]
Melamine thermosetting resin is developed by American Cyanamid.

Computer science

Konrad Zuse in Berlin completes his Z1 computer, a floating point binary mechanical calculator with limited programmability, using Boolean logic and reading instructions from perforated 35 mm film.^[5]

History of science

Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld publish The Evolution of Physics.

Mathematics

Frank Benford restates the law of distribution of first digits.^[6]
Alan Turing completes his Ph.D. thesis, Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals, at Princeton University; it is presented to the London Mathematical Society on June 16.^[7]^[8]

Medicine

June 4–6 – Sigmund Freud and his immediate family leave Vienna for exile in London.
March 4 – American biogerontologist Raymond Pearl demonstrates the negative health effects of tobacco smoking.^[9]^[10]
October – Robert Edward Gross becomes the first surgeon successfully to ligate an uninfected patent ductus arteriosus, in Boston.^[11]
Dorothy Hansine Andersen describes the characteristic cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and correlates it with the celiac, respiratory and intestinal diseases prominent in the condition, also first hypothesizing that cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder.^[12]
Hans Asperger first adopts the term autism in its modern sense in referring to autistic psychopaths in a lecture (in German) on child psychology.^[13]
Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive therapy.
Philip Wiles of Middlesex Hospital in London carries out a total hip replacement using a stainless-steel prosthesis.^[14]
American endocrinologist Henry Turner describes Turner syndrome.^[15]

Physics

December 17 – Discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann with Otto Robert Frisch.
Herbert E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell execute the Ives–Stilwell experiment, showing that ions radiate at frequencies affected by their motion.^[16]
Nuclear magnetic resonance is first described and measured in molecular beams by Isidor Rabi.^[17]
The Vlasov equation is first proposed for description of plasma by Anatoly Vlasov.^[18]

Technology

László Bíró obtains his first patent for a ballpoint pen, in France.

Publications

Ștefan Odobleja begins publication of his Psychologie consonantiste in Paris, seen in Romania as originating the study of cybernetics.

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Enrico Fermi
- Chemistry – Richard Kuhn
- Medicine – Corneille Jean François Heymans
Copley Medal: Niels Bohr
Wollaston Medal for geology: Maurice Lugeon

Births

January 2
- Lynn Conway, American computer engineer
- Farouk El-Baz, Egyptian-American space scientist
- Dana Ulery, American computer scientist
January 10 – Donald Knuth, American computer scientist and mathematician
January 28 – Tomas Lindahl, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
March 5 – Lynn Margulis, American biologist (d. 2011)
March 7 – David Baltimore, American biologist, university administrator and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
March 31 – Dennis H. Klatt, American pioneer of speech synthesis (d. 1988)
April 3 – John Darley, American social psychologist
April 25 – Roger Boisjoly, American rocket engineer (d. 2012)
May 11 – Fritz-Albert Popp, German biophysicist
May 16 – Ivan Sutherland, American computer scientist and Turing Award winner
June 29 – David Barker, English epidemiologist (d. 2013)
July 2 – C. Kumar N. Patel, Indian electrical engineer
July 19 – Jayant Narlikar, Indian astrophysicist
September 3 – Ryōji Noyori, Japanese chemist, Nobel laureate
September 17 – Alec Broers, Baron Broers, British electrical engineer
September 26 – Alan Andrew Watson, Scottish astrophysicist
September 30 – Alfred Cuschieri, Malta-born laparoscopic surgeon
October 4 – Kurt Wüthrich, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
October 22 – Michael Berridge, Rhodesian-born British physiologist and biochemist (d. 2020)
November 7 – Edgardo Gomez, Filipino biologist (d. 2019)
December 7 – George Hockham, English electrical engineer (d. 2013)
December 23 – Bob Kahn, American Internet pioneer

Deaths

January 31 – Sir James Crichton-Browne, Scottish psychiatrist (b. 1840)
May 3 – Percy Furnivall, English surgeon (b. 1868)
May 16
- Fred Baker, American physician and naturalist (b. 1854)
- Joseph Strauss, American bridge engineer (b. 1870)
June 13 – Beverly Thomas Galloway, American plant pathologist (b. 1863)
November 20 – Edwin Hall, American physicist, discoverer of the "Hall effect" (b. 1855)

References

^ Ellis, Richard (2004). No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. New York: Harper Perennial. pp. 311–312. ISBN 0-06-055804-0.
^ Bawden, F. C.; Pirie, N. W. (1938). "Crystalline Preparations of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus". British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 19: 251. PMC 2065153.
^ US Patent 2,130,523 Linear polyamides suitable for spinning into strong pliable fibers; US Patent 2,130,947 Diamine dicarboxylic acid salt and US Patent 2,130,948 Synthetic fibers. Trossarelli, L. (2010). "The history of nylon". Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi Materiali e Tecniche. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
^ Hofmann, Albert (1980). LSD — My Problem Child. McGraw–Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-029325-0.
^ Talk given by Horst Zuse to the Computer Conservation Society at the Science Museum (London) on 18 November 2010.
^ Benford, Frank (1938). "The Law of Anomalous Numbers". Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 78 (4): 551–572. JSTOR 984802.
^ Turing, A. M. (1939). "Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Series 2. 45 (1): 161–228. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-45.1.161. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-91CE-3.
^ "Turing's Princeton Dissertation". Turing Centennial Celebration. Princeton University. 2012. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
^ Pearl, R. (1938). "Tobacco Smoking and Longevity". Science. 87 (2253): 216–217. Bibcode:1938Sci....87..216P. doi:10.1126/science.87.2253.216. PMID 17813231.
^ Cordry, Harold V. (2001). Tobacco: a reference handbook. Contemporary world issues. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0874369670.
^ Gross, Robert; Hubbard, John (1939). "Surgical Ligation of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus". Journal of the American Medical Association. 112 (8): 729. doi:10.1001/jama.1939.02800080049011. ISSN 0002-9955.
^ Andersen, Dorothy Hansine (1938). "Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and its relation to celiac disease: a clinical and pathological study". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 56 (2): 344–399. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1938.01980140114013.
^ Asperger, H. (1938). "The psychically abnormal child". Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift (in German). 51: 1314–7.
^ Reynolds, L. A. (2006). Early Development of Total Hip Replacement. Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London. ISBN 978-085484-111-0.
^ Turner, H. H. (1938). "A syndrome of infantilism, congenital webbed neck and cubitus valgus". Endocrinology. 23 (5): 566–74. doi:10.1210/endo-23-5-566.
^ Ives, Herbert E.; Stilwell, G. R. (1938). "An Experimental Study of the Rate of a Moving Atomic Clock". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 28 (7): 215–19. Bibcode:1938JOSA...28..215I. doi:10.1364/JOSA.28.000215. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
^ Rabi, I.I.; Zacharias, J.R.; Millman, S.; Kusch, P. (1938). "A New Method of Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moment". Physical Review. 53 (4): 318–327. Bibcode:1938PhRv...53..318R. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.53.318.
^ Vlasov, A. A. (1938). "On Vibration Properties of an Electron Gas". Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics (in Russian). 8 (3): 444–70. Retrieved 2011-09-23.

[1] Ellis, Richard (2004). No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. New York: Harper Perennial. pp. 311–312. ISBN 0-06-055804-0.

[2] Bawden, F. C.; Pirie, N. W. (1938). "Crystalline Preparations of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus". British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 19: 251. PMC 2065153.

[3] US Patent 2,130,523 Linear polyamides suitable for spinning into strong pliable fibers; US Patent 2,130,947 Diamine dicarboxylic acid salt and US Patent 2,130,948 Synthetic fibers. Trossarelli, L. (2010). "The history of nylon". Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi Materiali e Tecniche. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2012-02-28.

[4] Hofmann, Albert (1980). LSD — My Problem Child. McGraw–Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-029325-0.

[5] Talk given by Horst Zuse to the Computer Conservation Society at the Science Museum (London) on 18 November 2010.

[6] Benford, Frank (1938). "The Law of Anomalous Numbers". Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 78 (4): 551–572. JSTOR 984802.

[7] Turing, A. M. (1939). "Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Series 2. 45 (1): 161–228. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-45.1.161. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-91CE-3.

[8] "Turing's Princeton Dissertation". Turing Centennial Celebration. Princeton University. 2012. Retrieved 2013-02-05.

[9] Pearl, R. (1938). "Tobacco Smoking and Longevity". Science. 87 (2253): 216–217. Bibcode:1938Sci....87..216P. doi:10.1126/science.87.2253.216. PMID 17813231.

[10] Cordry, Harold V. (2001). Tobacco: a reference handbook. Contemporary world issues. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0874369670.

[11] Gross, Robert; Hubbard, John (1939). "Surgical Ligation of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus". Journal of the American Medical Association. 112 (8): 729. doi:10.1001/jama.1939.02800080049011. ISSN 0002-9955.

[12] Andersen, Dorothy Hansine (1938). "Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and its relation to celiac disease: a clinical and pathological study". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 56 (2): 344–399. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1938.01980140114013.

[13] Asperger, H. (1938). "The psychically abnormal child". Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift (in German). 51: 1314–7.

[14] Reynolds, L. A. (2006). Early Development of Total Hip Replacement. Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London. ISBN 978-085484-111-0.

[15] Turner, H. H. (1938). "A syndrome of infantilism, congenital webbed neck and cubitus valgus". Endocrinology. 23 (5): 566–74. doi:10.1210/endo-23-5-566.

[16] Ives, Herbert E.; Stilwell, G. R. (1938). "An Experimental Study of the Rate of a Moving Atomic Clock". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 28 (7): 215–19. Bibcode:1938JOSA...28..215I. doi:10.1364/JOSA.28.000215. Retrieved 2011-09-23.

[17] Rabi, I.I.; Zacharias, J.R.; Millman, S.; Kusch, P. (1938). "A New Method of Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moment". Physical Review. 53 (4): 318–327. Bibcode:1938PhRv...53..318R. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.53.318.

[18] Vlasov, A. A. (1938). "On Vibration Properties of an Electron Gas". Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics (in Russian). 8 (3): 444–70. Retrieved 2011-09-23.

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